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his_101__bibliography_of_king_darius_i.docx

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Min Huang
History 101
Professor, Kozier
11/28/2017
Bibliography of King Darius I
Born: 550 BCE
Died: 486 BCE
Occupation: Persian King (522-486 BCE)
Early life
King Darius I was born in 550 BC in an Achaemenid family. His family group ruled
the Persian Empire for more than 200 years, and he was the oldest son of Hystapes and
Rhodugune. Darius’ father was a satrap during the reign of King Cyrus and his son Cambyses
(rpi.edu 2003, 1). Darius was originally not the heir to the Persian throne, but took over when
King Cambyses died in 522 BCE. During Cambyses’ reign (530-522 BCE), Darius held a
spearman position which meant accompanying the king in his campaign to Egypt.
How he became the King
During King Cambyses’ absence in his campaign to Egypt, an imposter known as
Gautama seized the throne by pretending to be Cambyses’ brother, while Cambyses died on
his way back from Egypt. However, the false king’s reign did not last long since a group of
noble men, which Darius was a part of, were unhappy with the seizure, hence gathered forces
and killed Gautama. After discussing various possible forms of government, the noble men
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KING DARIUS I
1
settled on the existing monarchy but were unable to settle on whom the king would be. They
agreed on a contest through a horse ride, meant to determine who would be king among them.
Darius’ horse neighed first and he automatically became the king. However, early during his
reign, he had to deal with various conspiracies to overthrow him. He also had to deal with
major revolts especially the Babylonian revolt which was led by Nebuchadnezzar III.
Expanding the Empire
During Darius’ reign, the Persian Empire reached its peak as he led campaigns in
Greece, Europe, and Indus valley, leading to expansion of the empire. Once he had gained
full control over the empire, he began expanding it leading to conquering of new lands. He
expanded the empire further than his predecessors had, and by end of his rule, the Persian
Empire included Mesopotamia, Iran, Western India, and Asia Minor. Darius not only had a
unique military prowess, but also improved the economic and legal systems. He expanded
the Persian Empire to one of the largest empires in world’s history.
Military campaigns
During King Darius’ reign, Persia was marked with multiple and intense military
expeditions. Once he had consolidated his power at home by overcoming various
conspiracies to over through him, he embarked on a mission to secure the Egyptian lands
which had been previously conquered by Emperor Cambyses. He incorporated Egypt into his
empire three years after taking over. After incorporating Egypt, he immediately conquered
some parts of India including Punjab. His campaign in the European Scythia followed. This
campaign was motivated by several reasons some of which were revenge-related due to
previous attacks, desire for military conquest, and a need to threaten the Greeks in to
surrendering. When Greeks began interfering with Ionia lands, king Darius invaded Greece in
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KING DARIUS I
2
the Persian first war, during which he led a huge army against the Greeks. His attempts to
expand the Persian Empire to Europe also inspired the decision on the invasion to Greece in
492-490 BCE. However, his two attempts failed due to wreckage of his fleet by storm and
defeat in one of the invasions.
Major Accomplishments
Darius is still known as Darius the great due to his outstanding leadership and
wiliness to try new ideas. He is known for his administration genius and great building
projects. His attempts to conquer Greece are also highly recognized even though his fleet was
destroyed by storm in 492 BCE and his army was defeated by Athenians in 490 BCE. During
his reign, the Persian Empire witnessed several improvements including his establishment of
the 20 satrapies with a satrap assigned to each. Darius is recognized for the successful
construction of various projects across the empire, especially the palace complex which was
his regular residence (Mifflin 2002). He also put up military quarters, a guest house, empire
quarters, and treasury. In Egypt, which had been conquered during Cambyses’ reign, he put
up several temples and restored the ones that had been previously destroyed (rpi.edu 2003, 3).
Just before 500 BCE, Darius introduced a new currency for the empire known as darayaka,
which made it easier to collect taxes from land and livestock owners. This led to improved
revenues hence improved economy.
Despite inheriting a loosely organized kingdom, Darius left behind a well-organized
and strong empire. After the death of Cyrus, there was a long period of unrest before Darius
came in and established a stronger empire(V.TAYLOR 2011, 146)Even though his missions
to conquer Greece were unsuccessful as per the two disastrous wars with the Greeks, he
established an empire which became a model for future governments. He established an
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KING DARIUS I
3
organized tax collection system, established a postal system, allowed conquered people to
keep their customs and religion, he divided the empire into satrapies, he introduced a network
of spies who acted as eyes and ears of the king, and built new capital cities. Throughout his
reign, Darius proved to be a strong and wise ruler who tolerated other religions and cultures,
and promoted forestation, agricultural activities, learning, construction, and putting up
buildings.
Death
King Darius I reigned ancient Persia from 522-486 BCE and was succeeded by his
son Xerxes, after his death. He died after a thirty day illness at the age of 64 years. Long after
his death, his reigning days were evoked as a golden age in Persia. Darius had at least 6
daughters and twelve sons, and was succeeded by his oldest son, whom he had with his first
wife who was a daughter of Cyrus the great. When his son took over, there were no rebellions
as had been witnessed during other successions, although there was unrest in some parts of
Egypt and in Babylonia.
Interesting facts about Darius
•
Darius adhered to Zoroastrianism religion and was a firm believer of Ahura Mazda. In
his inscriptions, Darius attributes his success to Ahura Mazda, while the legal system
established during his reign was created in the name of Zoroastrian gods(V.TAYLOR
2011, 151). However, he enhanced a tolerance for other religions as long as they were
submissive and peaceful.
•
He introduced the concept of royal spies to ensure that citizens and governors did not
steal or revolt.
•
Darius introduced an organized tax system where land and property owners were
registered for the purpose of imposing taxes accordingly.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KING DARIUS I
4
•
He introduced a monetary unit in the empire, to make it easier to trade.
•
10 years after his death, his son Xerxes returned to conquer Greece, and also failed to
do so.
•
Darius is responsible for putting up the Persian Empire’s capital at Persepolis.
•
Darius was also known for agricultural and irrigation projects.
•
Some of his military, political, legal, and religious system improvements serve the
people to this day, and have been used as the basis for the current Iranian laws.
Bibliography
‘Family card- Person Sheet’ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institution.
http://homepages.rpi.edu/~holmes/Hobbies/Genealogy2/ps22/ps22_445.htm July 24th 2003.
“The Origins and Impacts of the Persian Empire.” The Origins and Impacts of the Persian
Empire 8. 2002
V. Taylor, Charles. “The Times of the Great Kings of Persia.” En Tech.J., vol.3 7988,
pp.128-134, 2002.
…
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