Expert answer:Response to discussion Post U9R18060HJ
Expert answer:Please read the instructions in the attached and follow them, must use APA format, and must use references in your response. make sure your response is of PHD level work
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Response Guidelines HJ
Read the posts and respond to post. In the response, explain why you decided to
respond to this particular post. Ask clarifying questions or state whether you agree
or disagree with the learner’s categorization of the variables and explain why.
Your response must be a minimum of 200 words in length. Include at least two
APA-formatted citation (in-text, as well as the full reference). The citation may be
from course textbooks, assigned readings, or an outside source.
Assessing Quantitative Research Articles
Article
The article selected is a study done by (Kirwan, Matthews, & Scott, 2012) focusing on
the impact of the work environment of nurses on patient safety outcomes: employing a multilevel modelling approach
Evidence influencing the believability of the research
Writing style—the report is well written; concise, grammatically correct, well laid out, and well
organized.
Authors—- seems to indicate positions with a degree of knowledge in the field of nursing being
associated with the Dublin City University, Ireland.
Title—- the title is clear, accurate and unambiguous stating the clear intent of the study.
Abstract—–this offers a clear overview of the study, including the background, the objectives,
the problem, the aim, the settings, the sample, the methodology, the results, discussions, and
the conclusions.
Elements influencing the robustness of the research
Purpose—-this indicates, that due to patient safety being a priority for health services in all
countries, it has been established that nurses play an important role in this issue, effective nurse
staffing levels, nurse education levels, and positive work environment for nurses are elements,
which impact patient safety outcomes.
Logical consistency—the study does follow the steps of the research process in a logical
manner as laid out in the article’s abstract.
Literature review—previous literature review informed on two items about the topic, such as ‘a
positive practice environment formed at hospital level has been linked to enhanced safety
outcomes and nurse characteristics such as educational level also contribute to enhanced
patient safety.’
Theoretical framework—– this involved a cross-sectional study entitled, ‘Nurse Forecasting:’
Human Resource Planning in Nursing (RN4CAST) funded under the 7th Framework Programme
of the European Commission (FP7).
Aims/objectives/research question—-this has been identified and clearly stated, reflecting that
the aim of the study is to identify ward level factors in Irish hospitals, which impact on nursereported patient safety outcomes. The objectives are to explore the relationship between the
ward environment in which nurses’ practice and specific patient safety outcomes, using ward
level variables and nurse level variables. The other is the nurse-reported patient safety level in
the wards in which they work, and numbers of formal adverse events reports submitted by
nurses in the last year.
Sample—the target population, were nurses in direct care, data taken from 1397 nurses were
used from a survey analysis.
Ethical considerations—- the participants were fully informed and ethical permission was
granted by the Dublin City University, and all the ethics committees of the 30 study hospitals.
Operational definitions—–the framework was clearly identified to be a cross-sectional
quantitative study employing the nurse forecasting (RN4CAST) in the study.
Methodology—this clearly stated the use of a nurse survey questionnaire incorporating the
Practice Environment Scale of the nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) as the data-gathering
instrument. This instrument is one of the most internationally validated tools for measuring the
practice environment of nurses.
Data analysis/results—- this was analyzed using the SPSS version 18 and multi-level modelling
(MLM) method choice. This method of data analysis is used to analyse hierarchical data
structure where the data is organized at more than one level. The sample participation surveys
received numbered 1406 from the 30 hospitals. The overall response rate from questionnaires
was 56%. Results reported descriptive findings, multilevel model A and B.
Discussion—the strengths of the findings were linked back to what was previously known from
previous research studies, and the topic investigated expressing that the results were consistent
with the idea that patient safety outcomes are associated with the work environment within
which nurses practice. The work environment for nurses was linked to patient safety outcomes
and higher nurses education levels were linked to improved patient outcomes. The limitations of
this study include an acknowledgement that variables, which were omitted from the models
used, may have had a part to play in the explanations of associations noted in the study. The
findings also has implications for hospitals at organizational and unit level where there is an
effective safety culture, and an ongoing creation of support is made priority. The research was
complete, no further recommendations made.
References—-all references were alluded to the study accurately.
The PES-NWI is a 31-item instrument this is one of the most internationally validated tool in
measuring nurses work environment having five subscales
a. Performance, leadership and support from nurse manager
b. Nurses’ participation in home health visits affairs
c. Adequate nursing and staffing resources
d. Nursing foundation for care and
e. Nurse physician relationships.
This scale will use a Likert scale measuring the degree of agreement ranging from strongly
disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the PES-NWI
instrument range from 0.80-0.88. The reliability of this tool according to Kirwan, Matthews &
Scott, (2012) was demonstrated through an overall Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.82, and
subscale scores ranging from 0.71 to 0.84. In Ireland, the nurse questionnaire underwent
content validity indexing (CVI) judging the relevance of the survey questions to target audience.
The resulting CVI scores were indicative of the level of agreement between the raters of
appropriateness of the items in the survey. The CVI ratings were calculated at both the level of
the individual item and at the total scale level. In this case the CVI rating was 0.79 and
commonly a CVI rating that is acceptable is 0.78-1.0. Research done by this writer for inventor,
creator and company but could not retrieved same; message forwarded to library for help same
did not yield any further knowledge.
Kirwan, M., Matthews, A., Scott, P. A., (2012). The impact of the work environment of nurses on
patient
safety outcomes: a multi-level modeling approach. International Journal of Nursing
Studies
50(2013) 253-263 Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.08.020 CINAHL
Complete.
Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2007). Step -by-step guide to critiquing research, Part 2:
Qualitative research.
British Journal of Nursing, 16(12), 738-744.
…
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