Expert answer:Psy 360 week 1
Expert answer:Resources: University Library, Electronic Reserve Readings, the Internet, or other resources to conduct researchWrite a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you explain the role of the brain in cognitive functions; this explanation should include the parts of the brain related to each cognitive function. Additionally, describe what Phineas Gage’s accident revealed about how brain areas support cognitive function.Format your paper according to APA guidelines. See the APA Sample Paper for how to format your paper.You must include at least 3 substantive academic source in your citations and reference list. Review the specific requirements for this paper in the Phineas Gage Paper rubric found in the materials.
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Running head: WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 1 Pagination and Page Header: Use the header feature
in Microsoft® Word to set the page number and to add the running head if one is included. See
Appendix A for directions. Typically, the running head is required only for publication. Check with your
instructor regarding the preference for using a running head. Doctoral students must include the
running head. The words Running head only appear on the title page. Use no more than the first 50
characters of the title. The title is in upper and lower case Writing Style and Mechanics letters, centered
between the left and right margins, and positioned on the upper half of the page. Use black, 12-point
Times New Roman font throughout. Doctoral students: See the note below about formatting the title
page for your program requirements. Student Name Course/Number Date Instructor Name* REQUIRED
TITLE PAGE INFORMATION As shown above, center the following elements on the page in this order: •
Title of Paper (mixed upper and lower case letters) • Your Name (first and last name without including
academic or license information such as BSN or RN) • Course Abbreviation and Number • Due Date
(month, day, and year) • Instructor’s Name *Doctoral students must format the title page according to
APA guidelines as follows: title, author’s name, and institution name. All lines are double-spaced
throughout the entire document. Use black, 12-point Times New Roman font throughout the document.
The Writing Style and Mechanics paper provided by the Center for Writing Excellence represents the
consensus of several deans and other key academic officials within Apollo Group. The sample paper
corresponds to APA style, which is the University’s preferred style. This document may contain more
than 20% of its information from a single source. The sample paper is written to help you format your
paper. Typically, an academic paper will include information from a variety of sources and should not
contain more than 20% of its information from a single source. Although this sample paper is offered as
a tool to help students with style, it is not a definitive or binding representation of format accepted by
individual instructors. As a result, for all unresolved style and format issues, it is essential that you
consult with your instructor before submitting your paper for a grade. Your instructor is the final
authority regarding acceptable format and style for papers associated with a course, and the instructor’s
recommendations will prevail over this sample paper in the event that differences occur between the
two. Revised: September 2009 Center for Writing Excellence © 2009 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights
reserved WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 2 Abstract According to the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (APA), “An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the
contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly and, like a title, it
enables persons interested in the document to retrieve it from abstracting and indexing databases”
(2010, p. 25). The first line of the abstract is not indented. An abstract may range from 150 to 250 words
(APA, 2010). Because an abstract is not always required for student papers, adhere to your instructor’s
requirements. WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 3 Quotations: All quotations require a page number or
paragraph number. Indent the first line of each paragraph using the tab key. The tab key is usually set at
five to seven spaces or onehalf inch. Writing Style and Mechanics The Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (APA) began as a journal article in 1929. That article reported results
from a meeting of scholars “to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the
many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (APA, 2010, p.
xiii). Today the Publication Manual is in its sixth edition, and the APA style described in it is a widely
recognized standard for scholarly or professional writing in the social sciences. Although the style guide
is designed to prepare manuscripts for publication, many universities and health care journals have
adopted its use as a guide to achieve uniformity and consistency (Cuddy, 2002). Writing in the style
prescribed by the Publication Manual can be a daunting experience for students. As with any new skill,
“practice makes perfect” (S. Proofreader, personal communication, June 28, 2004). Points of APA style
most often used by undergraduate and graduate students are listed below. However, keep in mind that
this sample paper is a guide and should not be considered as a replacement for the Publication Manual.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) began as a journal article in
1929. That article reported results from a meeting of scholars “to establish a simple set of procedures,
or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of
reading comprehension” (APA, 2010, p. xiii). Today the Publication Manual is in its sixth edition, and the
APA style described in it is a widely recognized standard for scholarly or professional writing in the social
sciences. Although the style guide is designed to prepare manuscripts for publication, many universities
and health care journals have adopted its use as a guide to achieve uniformity and consistency (Cuddy,
2002). Writing in the style prescribed by the Publication Manual can be a daunting experience for
students. As with any new skill, “practice makes perfect” (S. Proofreader, personal communication, June
28, 2004). Points of APA style most often used by undergraduate and graduate students are listed
below. However, keep in mind that this sample paper is a guide and should not be considered as a
replacement for the Publication Manual. Do not include Introduction as a level heading. Instead, begin
the text of the paper by repeating the title from your title page. The title of the paper is centered but
not bolded. Personal communication: A personal communication is not included on the reference page.
Use one space or two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence. Be consistent with usage
throughout the document. Doctoral students should use two spaces after sentenceending punctuation
in the body of the paper. Format Considerations Some commonly used rules and formats from the sixth
edition of the Publication Manual are listed below. Please note, however, that some assignments may
require unique formatting, and you should consult with your instructor for clarification. Some commonly
used rules and formats from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual are listed below. Please note,
however, that some assignments may require unique formatting, and you should consult with your
instructor for clarification. Level One Heading: Level one headings are centered and bolded in upper and
lower case letters. Level Two Heading: Level two headings are placed at the Correct Margins left margin
and bolded in upper and lower case letters. Margins: Use one-inch margins on all sides of the document.
Margins are one inch on all sides. This rule is broken only to avoid placing a lone heading on the last line
of the page or a single line of text on the top of the next page. Margins are one inch on all sides. This
rule is broken only to avoid placing a lone heading on the last line of the page or a single line of text on
the top of the next page. WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 4 Page Header The page header contains the
running head and the page number. Check with your instructor to see if a running head is required. The
header is set using the header feature in Microsoft® Word. Consult Appendix A for format directions for
the header feature. The words Running head only appear on the title page. Use no more than the first
50 characters of the title in running head. The page number is set at the right margin, and the running
head is set at the left margin. The automatic header function of a word-processing program should be
used to place the page numbers consecutively in the paper. Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) are used
to number each page, beginning with 1 on the title page. Reference Page Hanging indentation is used for
the reference page. (See Appendix B for format directions to create hanging indents). In a hanging
indent, the first line of the reference rests against the left margin, and the lines that follow are indented
five to seven spaces or one-half inch to the first tab stop. The reference page is alphabetized by author
or by title of the work when no author is listed, and each entry contains the date of publication in
parentheses directly after the author’s name. The title, the place of publication, and the name of the
publisher follow the date of publication for a book entry. The proliferation of electronic materials has
prompted APA to create formats designed specifically for Internet and webbased written material. Visit
the APA website at www.apastyle.org for additional information about formatting electronic references.
You will also find frequently asked questions and helpful free tutorials about using APA style. Only
references that have been cited in the paper are listed on the reference page. Personal communications
are cited in the text but do not appear on the reference page WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 5
because the reader cannot retrieve them. Additional reference examples are available in the Reference
and Citation Examples tutorial in the Center for Writing Excellence at Tutorials & Guides. In-Text
Citations Direct quotations. Direct quotations must mirror the original source word for word, even if
errors are contained in the original text. To alert the reader that errors are part of the original material,
the word [sic], enclosed in brackets and italicized, must follow the erroneous material. The source of the
quotation must be cited. The format of direct quotations may vary with the placement of the quoted
material in the sentence. The following is an example of how you may use a direct quotation from a
website with an author: “Diversity is emerging as one of the most serious issues in the workplace today,
yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it” (Copeland, 2003, Erroneous Assumptions, para. 1).
The author’s last name, the year of publication, the website title or section title, and the paragraph
number, when no page number is available, are included in the citation. Level Three Heading: Level
three headings are indented and bolded. Capitalize only the first word, include a period at the end, and
continue the text without using a hard return. The following is an example of how one may use a direct
quotation from a book with one author: Venes (2001) stated, “The types of influenza doctors must
prepare for fall into three categories” (p. 106). If the author’s name is stated prior to the quotation,
include the date of publication (in parentheses) after the author’s name, and follow the quotation with
the page or paragraph number. For a work with two authors, use both authors’ last names for every
citation. If the source has three or more authors but fewer than six authors, list all authors in the first
citation, and use the first author’s last name and the words et al. (without italics) for the rest of the
citations. If the source has more than six authors, you may use the first author’s last name and the
words et al. (without italics) for every citation (APA, 2010, “Erroneous Assumptions” is the heading of a
section within the webbased article, “Managing a Multicultural Workforce.” Using the heading of a
section for an online article will help your reader quickly locate the content in the original source.
WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 6 p. 175). Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples tutorial in the
Center for Writing Excellence at Tutorials & Guides for examples of in-text citations. Quotations that
contain fewer than 40 words are enclosed in double quotation marks within the text. Use single
quotation marks for quotations contained within a direct quotation. Quotations of 40 words or more are
indented in a block format without quotation marks. Use double quotation marks to indicate a
quotation within the block quotation. The block quotation is started on a new line, and it is indented five
to seven spaces or one-half inch. A sample block quotation appears on page 8 of this document.
Paraphrased material. Paraphrasing allows the writer to present someone else’s ideas or intellectual
property and to supply proper credit to the original author or authors (Lawton, Cousineau, & Hillard,
2001). When an author is paraphrased, the source must be cited in the text. If a source is mentioned
more than once in a paragraph, a citation must be included each time. Page or paragraph numbers are
not required for paraphrased material, but the Publication Manual recommends that writers include a
page or paragraph number to help the reader easily locate the information (APA, 2010, p. 171). If a
writer were to paraphrase information from an article located in an online database, the writer would
format the citation as follows: Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurants on her list of the 50 best
companies for minorities. Here is an example where the author is not mentioned within the text: A list
of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels, 2004). Both examples
include the author’s last name and the date of publication. If the author’s name is not provided with the
paraphrased text, it must be included in the citation. Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples
tutorial in the Center for Writing Excellence at Tutorials & Guides for examples of paraphrasing. Write
out and with authors’ names mentioned within the text. Use an ampersand (&) when they are written
within a citation. WRITING STYLE AND MECHANICS 7 Plagiarism. Plagiarism constitutes a serious
academic concern. According to Lawton, Cousineau, and Hillard (2001), “Academic communities
demand that writers credit others for their work and that the source of their material clearly be
acknowledged” (para. 6). Internet access has resulted in an increase in plagiarism. McCabe noted (as
cited in Sterngold, 2004), 41% of students said they engaged in cut-and-paste plagiarism from online
sources. The sentences and phrases used in one’s paper must be original or cited and referenced
accordingly. Although it may be easier for a writer to use someone else’s words, doing so discredits the
writer. When in doubt, cite. See the Plagiarism Guide in the Center for Writing Excellence at Tutorials &
Guides for more information about avoiding plagiarism and about properly citing intellectual property.
Secondary Sources: A secondary source is also called an indirect source. List only the primary source in
the reference list, and cite the author of the secondary source only within the text. Secondary sources
are not ideal in academic writing and should be avoided. Electronic source and quotation: If the
electronic source does not have page numbers, use the abbreviation para. for the paragraph number.
Other Format Issues The preferred typeface for APA style is black, 12-point Times New Roman (APA,
2010). Avoid using any software settings that reduce spacing between words or letters or that add
spacing between paragraphs. Use double-spacing throughout the document. You may use one space or
two spaces after sentence-ending punctuation in the body of your essay, but use consistent spacing at
the end of a sentence throughout your essay. For consistency with APA style, Doctoral students must
space twice after sentence-ending punctuation in the body of an essay and space once after a period
separating each main element in the reference list.
Phineas Gage Paper Rubric
For __________________________________
Criteria
Explains the role of the
brain in cognitive
functions.
Weight 40.00%
Describes what Phineas
Gage’s accident revealed
about how brain areas
support cognitive
function.
Weight 40.00%
Quality of written
communication Write a
700 to 1,050 word paper
Does Not Meet
Expectations
25 %
Approaches
Expectations
50 %
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
75 %
100 %
Did not include any
information about various
parts of the brain and their
accompanying cognitive
functions.
Provided general
information about the brain
and functions without
providing sufficient details.
Discussed either roles of
the brain without including
information about their
cognitive functions or
discussed cognitive
functions without a detailed
description of the various
parts of the brain.
Comprehensive discussion
of the various parts of the
brain and their
accompanying cognitive
functions.
25 %
50 %
75 %
100 %
Very limited information
provided about Phineas
Gage. Included information
about the accident or the
effects of the accident on
Phineas’ behavior or the
parts of the brain that was
damaged but not all of this
information.
Provided an overview of
Phineas’ accident, the
effects of the accident and
the part of the brain that
was damaged but provided
very few details.
Provided sufficient details
about Phineas Gage but
did not include information
about all of the following:
his accident, the effects of
his accident on his
behavior, the part of the
brain that was damaged,
or the significance of this
case on cognitive
psychology.
Provided comprehensive
details about Phineas
Gage’s accident, the
effects of his accident on
his behavior, the parts of
the brain that were
damaged AND the
significance of this case on
cognitive psychology.
25 %
50 %
75 %
100 %
The paper did not include
at least 700 words and did
not include the required
The paper may have
included 700 to 1,050
words, but lacked all of the
The paper included 700 to
1,050 words and included
all of the required elements
The paper included 700 to
1,050 words and provided
some analysis and/or
Weight 10.00%
elements of the
assignment. Inconsistent
grammar, spelling and
punctuation throughout
paper and inability to
explain findings clearly.
Surface errors are
pervasive enough that they
impede communication of
meaning.
required elements of the
assignment. Adequate
explanation of findings.
Frequent and repetitive
mechanical errors distract
the reader. Inconsistencies
in language, sentence
structure, and/or word
choice are present.
of the assignment Clear
and logical written
explanation of findings.
Some mechanical errors or
typos are present, but are
not overly distracting to the
reader. Correct sentence
structure and audience
appropriate language are
used.
evaluation beyond the
required elements of the
assignment Exceptionally
concise written explanation
of findings. Prose is free of
mechanical errors. Writer
is clearly in command of
standard, written,
academic English.
Research and Use of
APA Format
25 %
50 %
75 %
100 %
Paper did not include at
least three substantive
academic sources
(citations and reference
list). APA format and style
are not evident.
Paper may or may not
have included at least
three substantive
academic sources but it’s
not clear because there
are missing citations
and/or references. Missing
APA elements; in-text
citations, where necessary,
are may be used but
formatted inaccurately and
not referenced.
Paper included at least
three substantive
academic sources. All key
elements of an APA title
page are present; In-text
citations and a reference
page are present with few
format errors. Mechanics
of writing are reflective of
APA style
Paper included at least
three substantive
academic sources. A
broad understanding of
APA format and style is
evident. Accurate citations
and references are
presented. No APA errors
are evident
Weight 10.00%
…
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