Expert answer:Operating system
Expert answer:Instruction: There is a part of snipping tool always saying ( sample1) I replaced it with ( Majeed ) which is my name. I don’t want you to get confused.
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putty_zlinux_part.docx
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ASSIGNMENT 6 LINUX
HANDS-ON PART 1
(FALL 2017)
Contents
Important – Assignment Snipping Tool Documentation …………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Do not chop off these important snipping tool documentation ………………………………………………………………… 6
Copy and-paste can NOT be used for Assignment documentation…………………………………………………………… 6
1.0 Linux Distributions, Open Source, zLinux and LinuxONE …………………………………………………………………… 7
1.1 What is a Linux Distribution? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.2 What is Open Source Software?…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.3 Open Source vs. Free Software ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
1.3 Advantages of Open Source Software ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
1.4 Disadvantages of Open Source Software ………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
1.5 Best Linux Distributions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
1.6 zLinux: RHEL, SuSE and Ubuntu ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
1.7 IBM LinuxONE: (Linux on a Mainframe) ……………………………………………………………………………………. 12
1.8 zLinux, LPARS and Virtualization ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
1.9 Kali Linux ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
1.9 Questions – Linux Distributions, Open Source, and LinuxONE ………………………………………………………. 15
2.0 Linux Command Cheat Sheet …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.0 Basic Linux Concepts and Commands……………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
3.1 Default Login Directory ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
3.2 Default Command Prompt ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.3 Appearance of the Command Prompt …………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
3.4 The Current or Working Directory……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.5 Difference between the Login Directory and the Current Directory ………………………………………………….. 20
3.6 Linux’s pwd command ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.7 Questions – Basic Concepts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.8 Using Basic Linux commands……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
3.8.1 Linux line command structure ………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
3.8.2 Questions – Basic Linux commands………………………………………………………………………….. 22
3.8.3 finger command ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
3.8.4 who command ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
3.8.3 Questions – Linux commands …………………………………………………………………………………… 28
4.0 Introduction to Linux Directory Structure ………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
4.1 Linux Directories and Files …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
4.1.1 Naming Linux Subdirectories and Files …………………………………………………………………….. 44
4.1.2 Linux root directory ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
4.1.3 What is directory…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
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4.1.4 The . And .. Files ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
4.1.5 Questions – Linux Directories and Files ……………………………………………………………………. 45
4.2 Overview of the Linux Directory Structure …………………………………………………………………………………… 47
4.3 Understanding the Design of Directory Structure …………………………………………………………………………… 48
4.3.1 Store Programs (binaries) and Program Data in Different Subdirectories ………………………. 48
4.3.2 Store Different Types (functions) of Programs in Different Subdirectories ……………………. 48
4.3.3 Store Different Types of Programs and Data in Separate Subdirectories by Functional
Purpose …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
4.3.4 Store Different Users, Departments and Shared Data in Separate Subdirectories ……………. 49
4.4 Questions – Linux Directory Structure …………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
5.0 Linux Kernel Initialization or Operating System Boot Process ……………………………………………………………. 53
5.1 Kernel Initialization process………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
5.2 What is the Kernel? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
5.3 Post-kernel initialization process …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
5.4 Questions – Operating System Kernels …………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
The vi Cheat Sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
6.0 Creating text files using vi or vim Editor ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
6.1 Starting the vi editor …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
6.1.1 Vi Editor Window…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61
6.2 Operation Modes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
6.2.1 Insert Mode ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
6.2.2 Command Mode …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
6.3 Cursor Movement………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
6.3.1 Arrow Keys ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
6.3.2 Command Mode cursor movement …………………………………………………………………………… 64
6.2.3 Does vi have redo and undo commands? …………………………………………………………………… 64
6.2.4 Deleting Characters and Lines ………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
6.4 Inserting or Spiting Lines ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
6.5 Correcting Typos ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
6.5.1 Backspace Key, Insert key and Del key works as expected. …………………………………………. 66
6.6 Document sample1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
6.7 Add additional text to sample1…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
6.8 sample1 Documentation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69
6.9 Exiting and Saving the File …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
6.9.1 Exit and Save (ZZ or :wq) ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
6.9.2 Exit, but don’t Save any Changes (:q!) ………………………………………………………………………. 70
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6.9.3 Save, but don’t Exit (:w) ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
6.9.3 Save, but Rename the file (:w new_file_name) ………………………………………………………….. 70
6.10 vimtutor and searching text ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
6.10.1 Searching for text ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
6.10.2 Moving the Cursor to a Line …………………………………………………………………………………… 73
6.10.3 Searching for text for the entire file …………………………………………………………………………. 73
6.11 Getting Help in vi …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
6.12 Display and Hide Line Numbers ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
6.13 Inserting the System Date and Time in your document …………………………………………………………………. 75
6.14 Copy and Paste lines or Characters …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
6.15 sample2 – Save a Copy of the sample1 file ………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
6.16 sample3 – Inserting another file: sample1……………………………………………………………………………………. 79
Before you continue the next Requirement …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
7.0 Linux File System, Files and File Permissions ………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
7.1 Linux File Systems …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
7.1.1 Linux Ext4 and BTRFs File system…………………………………………………………………………… 82
7.1.2 What Is Journaling? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 82
7.1.3 Linux Disk Drives, Partitions and Volumes ……………………………………………………………….. 83
7.1.4 Components of a Ext4 File System …………………………………………………………………………… 83
7.1.5 Storing and Retrieving Files …………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
7.1.6 Questions – File Systems …………………………………………………………………………………………. 84
7.2 Linux file types …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
7.2.1 Questions – file command. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
7.3 Using the Linux ls – l command ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
7.3.1 Linux file information……………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
7.3.2 File Ownership and Primary Group …………………………………………………………………………… 90
7.3.3 Questions – Using the ls – l command ……………………………………………………………………….. 90
7.4 File and Directory Permissions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
7.4.1 Practical Considerations of Directory and File Permissions …………………………………………. 93
7.4.2 File Mode ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
7.4.3 Questions – Linux File and Directory Permissions ……………………………………………………… 94
7.5 chmod command – Changing File Permissions ………………………………………………………………………………. 96
7.5.1 Text-based or Category Operator Permissions ……………………………………………………………. 96
7.5.2 Numeric-based Permissions……………………………………………………………………………………… 97
7.5.3 chmod File Mode Examples for Files ………………………………………………………………………… 97
7.5.4 chmod File Mode Examples for Directories ……………………………………………………………….. 98
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7.6 umask Environmental variable …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 98
7.7 Questions – chmod and umask …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
7.8 chown and chprp – Changing User and Group Ownership …………………………………………………………….. 100
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Enter your Name Here
Important – Assignment Snipping Tool Documentation
Every time you are required to and snipping tool you are required to include you Putty banner
document and Linux prompt which includes your Linux account.
After each execution of a Linux command type the clear command to erase the Putty Screen.
Do not chop off these important snipping tool documentation
Do not chop off these important documentation features, else you will receive no credit
Use a Snipping tool to copy a screen image of your current session or assignment requirement. In
above examples, the GUI dialog boxes are clearly displayed as a graphic. The text displayed in this
snipping tool documentation and PuTTY Terminal Windows cannot be edited.
Copy and-paste can NOT be used for Assignment documentation
Your will be provide examples to make your Putty window documentation appear professional. After
making your documentation appear professional you are REQUIRED to use the snipping tool for final;
assignment documentation.
At the Linux command prompt, e.g., rmui001@eptgl55 ~]$, prompt you cannot execute
Linux commands.
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1.0 Linux Distributions, Open Source, zLinux and LinuxONE
1.1 What is a Linux Distribution?
What Is a Linux Distro, and How Are They Different from One Another? https://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/
Linux distribution – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
Linux isn’t like Windows or Mac OS X. Microsoft combines all the bits of Windows internally to
produce each new release of Windows and distributes it as a single package. If you want Windows,
you’ll need to choose one of the versions Microsoft is offering.
Linux works differently. The Linux operating system isn’t produced by a single organization. Different
organizations and people work on different parts. There’s the Linux kernel (the core of the operating
system), the GNU shell utilities (the terminal interface and many of the commands you use), the X
server (which produces a graphical desktop), the desktop environment (which runs on the X server to
provide a graphical desktop), and more. System services, graphical programs, terminal commands –
many are developed independently from another.
All Linux distributions contain open-source software. This means that source code for the operating
system, utilities and middleware is distributed with source code. Linux distributions do the hard work
for you, taking all the code from the open-source projects and compiling it for you, combining it into a
single operating system you can boot up and install. They also make choices for you, such as
choosing the default desktop environment, browser, and other software. Most distributions add their
own finishing touches, such as themes and custom software – the Unity desktop environment Ubuntu
provides, for example.
1.2 What is Open Source Software?
What Is Open Source Software, and Why Does It Matter? – https://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htgexplains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/
If a program is open-source, its source code is freely available to its users. Its users – and anyone
else – have the ability to take this source code, modify it, and distribute their own versions of the
program. The users also have the ability to distribute as many copies of the original program as they
want. Anyone can use the program for any purpose; there are no licensing fees or other restrictions
on the software.
For example, Ubuntu Linux is an open-source operating system. You can download Ubuntu, create as
many copies as you want, and give them to your friends. You can install Ubuntu on an unlimited
amount of your computer
1.3 Open Source vs. Free Software
Open source applications are generally freely available – although there’s nothing stopping the
developer from charging for copies of the software if they allow redistribution of the application and its
source code afterwards. However, that’s not what “free software” refers to. The “free” in free software
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