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Journal of Applied Psychology
2017, Vol. 102, No. 3, 237–253
© 2017 American Psychological Association
0021-9010/17/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000192
One Hundred Years of the Journal of Applied Psychology:
Background, Evolution, and Scientific Trends
Steve W. J. Kozlowski
Gilad Chen
Michigan State University
University of Maryland
Eduardo Salas
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Rice University
To launch this Special Issue of the Journal of Applied Psychology celebrating the 1st century of the journal
we conducted a review encompassing the background of the founding of the journal; a quantitative assessment
of its evolution across the century; and an examination of trends examining article type, article length,
authorship patterns, supplemental materials, and research support. The journal was founded in March of 1917
with hopeful optimism about the potential of psychology being applied to practical problems could enhance
human happiness, well-being, and effectiveness. Our quantitative content assessment using both keyword
frequencies and latent semantic analyses of raw content, in both bottom-up (corpus driven) and top-down
modes (analyst driven), converged to document an evolution ranging from a broad and exploratory applied
psychology to a more focused industrial psychology to an industrial and organizational psychology to an
organizational psychology. With respect to other trends, during the first 4 decades 20 to 30% of journal items
were book reviews, which then abruptly ceased in the mid-1950s. Articles have grown increasingly longer
over time. Author teams are increasingly larger, and sole authored articles are vanishingly small in frequency.
The use of supplemental materials and articles reporting research support have surged dramatically in the most
recent period. Across the various foci we examined, our review portrays the evolution of the journal as
reflecting the development of a mature, focused, and cumulative scientific discipline addressing psychological
science applied to work and organizations.
Keywords: Applied psychology, bibliometric analysis, evolution, history
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000192.supp
published in the journal has had an extraordinary influence on the
development of these applied disciplines over the last century. As
the journal turns a spry one century old in March, 2017, we wish
to celebrate 100 years of scientific and practical contributions in
the field, and to reflect on the future of applied psychological
science in work and organizational settings.
At the half century mark, Darley (1968) provided a synopsis of the
life of the journal. His method was to read every fifth volume, 10 in
all, and to provide a particularistic set of observations, insights, and
quotes to reveal and illustrate the content and viewpoints represented
in his sampling of the journal. His article is both interesting and
entertaining; it is well worth the read. Our goals are similar, in that we
wish to reflect on the founding of the journal and to characterize its
nature and evolution, but they are also broader in that we wish to
characterize the science that is encapsulated in the 100-year record of
the journal. To accomplish those ends, we have organized this Special
Issue to celebrate the Centennial Anniversary of the founding of the
Journal of Applied Psychology.
The Journal of Applied Psychology published its first issue in
March of 1917, making it the longest lived (by far) scholarly
journal in the domains of industrial and organizational psychology,
applied psychology, and allied fields in management and organizations (i.e., personnel psychology, human resource management,
organizational behavior, and organizational science). Research
Editor’s Note. This is an introduction to the Journal of Applied Psychology Centennial Special Issue. Please see the Table of Contents here:
[http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/102/3/].—GC
This article was published Online First February 16, 2017.
Steve W. J. Kozlowski, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University; Gilad Chen, Department of Management & Organization, University
of Maryland; Eduardo Salas, Department of Psychology, Rice University.
We are grateful to the American Psychological Association for providing us
with the relevant PsycINFO records for the bibliometric analyses we conducted for this article. We are also indebted to Devin Higgins, Digital Library
Programmer and Linked Data Librarian, Michigan State University, for his
guidance with analyses and for XML data assistance. In addition, we thank
Tammy D. Allen and Neal Schmitt for comments they provided.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Steve
W. J. Kozlowski, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University,
316 Physics Road #309, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116. E-mail: stevekoz@
msu.edu
Overview
This article initiates the celebration with an examination of the
founding of the journal and an analysis of its evolution over the
last century. Our examination, consistent with the essential nature
of the journal, is quantitative and empirical. We address that
examination in the remainder of this article. In addition, the
237
KOZLOWSKI, CHEN, AND SALAS
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
238
Special Issue contains a set of review articles that trace the history
of both enduring and more recent substantive work published in
the journal (and elsewhere). The focal reviews trace the development, milestones, and key contributions, particularly those captured in the journal, for a broad range of topics that comprise
industrial and organizational psychology and related fields. To
provide more personal perspectives, we supplemented the topical
reviews with reflections by previous editors of the journal,1 who
commented on their experiences with the journal and provided
insights on “then” and “now.” Finally, we close out the Special
Issue with an article by the Special Issue Editors that reflects on
key contributions and looks forward to the future. In the reminder
of this article, we highlight the background to the founding of the
journal, trace its evolution and trends over time, and provide a
synopsis for the Special Issue process and content.
The Founding of the Journal
Background
Psychology emerged from philosophy as a scientific discipline
in the last quarter of the 19th century. Marking that emergence in
the United States of America (U.S.A.), the American Psychological Association (APA) was established in 1892 (Evans, Sexton, &
Cadwallader, 1992). As reviewed by Koppes and Vinchur (2012)
and Landy (1997), in the quarter century following the formation
of APA, a core group of psychologists emerged who developed an
interest in enhancing both the scientific rigor and practical utility
of psychology. They wished to enhance the relevance and popularity of the young discipline by focusing its theory and methods
on important societal issues and problems with the goals of improving effectiveness and well-being. Emerging from this group
were the founders of the Journal of Applied Psychology, namely
G. Stanley Hall, John Wallace Baird, and Ludwig Reinhold (L. R.)
Geissler.
Founders
At the time the Journal of Applied Psychology was founded, all
three founders taught at Clark University. Clark, located in
Worcester, Massachusetts, was founded in 1887. Clark was one of
the earliest research universities founded in the U.S.A. in the
modern era, boasting the second oldest graduate school, and was at
its inception an all-graduate institution. We provide brief biographical information for each of the founders, based on Wikipedia as
well as additional sources cited below.
G. Stanley Hall was born in 1846 in Ashfield, MA. In 1878, Hall
earned the first psychology doctorate awarded in the U.S.A. from
Harvard University in Cambridge, MA. Hall was strongly influenced by William James, with whom he studied while at Harvard,
and Wilhelm Wundt, with whom he studied briefly at Wundt’s
Leipzig laboratory in 1879. James is generally recognized as the
father of American psychology and Wundt is generally recognized
as the father of psychology (Evans et al., 1992), so Hall’s pedigree
is exemplary. He was at Johns Hopkins from 1882 to 1888, where
in 1883 he established the first formal American psychological
laboratory. Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology in
1887, was a cofounder and the first President of APA (1892), and
was also named the first president of Clark University (1889). He
remained in this post until 1920. While at Clark, Hall was intellectually active in establishing the field of educational psychology
and related laboratories. Darley (1968) noted that Hall (as indicated by Hall’s autobiography), although interested in the applications of psychology, was far more occupied with the American
Journal of Psychology and the then emerging field of educational
psychology, than his contributions to establishing the Journal of
Applied Psychology.
John Wallace Baird was born in 1869 in Motherwell, Ontario,
Canada. He was educated at the University of Toronto as an
undergraduate and for some graduate work. There he was introduced to psychology by August Kirschmann, who had assisted
Wundt in Leipzig before moving to Toronto. Like Hall, Baird
spent several months at the University of Leipzig, where he was
briefly a student of Wundt’s, before studying at the University of
Wisconsin. He later transferred to Cornell University where he
earned his PhD under Edward Bradford Titchener (a student of
Wundt) in 1902. From 1906 to 1909, he worked as an Assistant
Professor at the University of Illinois, where his research interests
began to broaden from the “pure” experimental psychology that
was advocated by Titchener into areas of applied psychology. In
1909, Baird moved to direct the psychological laboratory at Clark
University, where he later also became cooperating editor of the
Journal of Educational Psychology, and executive editor of the
American Journal of Psychology. In 1917, he cofounded the Journal of Applied Psychology and, in 1918, he was elected President
of APA. He died in 1919 just as he was designated to succeed G.
Stanley Hall as President of Clark University.
Ludwig Reinhold (L. R.) Geissler was born in 1879, in Leipzig,
Germany. He studied at the University of Leiptzig and then moved
to the University of Texas to complete his undergraduate degree.
Geissler completed his PhD at Cornell University in 1909, under
the advising of Titchener. He was an instructor at Cornell from
1909 to 1911, before becoming a “Research Psychologist” for the
National Electric Lamp Association in Cleveland, OH (1911–
1912), which was a branch of General Electric. He then shifted his
career, moving to the University of Georgia as an Associate
Professor in 1912, where he continued to conduct applied psychological research. His research involved the merchants of Athens,
Georgia— home of the university—with a focus on the effectiveness of advertising. Geissler moved to Clark University in 1916,
completing the Clark link connecting the three founders. Later, in
1920, he moved to Randolph-Macon Woman’s College where he
remained until his death in 1932.
Thus, common links threading among the three founders included (a) strong influences from Wundt and from Wundt’s former
students—including conducting applied psychological research,
(b) joint time spent at Clark University under Hall’s leadership,
and (c) leadership positions in APA and key APA journals. Table
1 lists the editors of the Journal of Applied Psychology, tracing its
founders through the current editor.
1
We invited all living previous editors. Reflections from those who
accepted our invitation appear in this special issue.
ONE HUNDRED YEARS
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This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Table 1
Journal of Applied Psychology Editors Over the Last Century
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
John Wallace Baird, G. Stanley Hall, and L.R. Geissler (1917–1920)
James P. Porter (1921–1942) and William F. Book (1921–1927)
Donald G. Paterson (1942–1954)
John G. Darley (1955–1960)
Kenneth E. Clark (1961–1970)
Edwin A. Fleishman (1971–1975)
John P. Campbell (1976–1982)
Robert Guion (1983–1988)
Neal Schmitt (1989–1994)
Philip Bobko (1995–1996)
Kevin R. Murphy (1997–2002)
Sheldon Zedeck (2003–2008)
Steve W. J. Kozlowski (2009–2014)
Gilad Chen (2015–present)
Journal Evolution and Trends
Founding Vision
The founding of the Journal of Applied Psychology was very
much predicated on the practical applications of psychology; the
translation of psychological science to business, education, medicine, justice, advertising, and the broad range of human pursuits. In
their Foreword for the inaugural issue (1917), the founders observed:
The past few years have witnessed an unprecedented interest in the
extension of the application of psychology to various fields of human
activity . . . the voluminous and growing literature of educational
psychology testifies to a widespread belief that psychology is a
valuable asset to the educator . . . one finds increasing evidence, in
various quarters, of an equally widespread but more recent conviction
that a knowledge of psychology is no less serviceable in the practice
of medicine, in the administration of justice, and in various other
pursuits. . . . But perhaps the most strikingly original endeavor to
utilize the methods and results of psychological investigation has been
in the realm of business (p. 5).
It was a broad, positive vision to do good for all of society by
translating the methods and findings of psychological science to
provide practical applications that enhanced human effectiveness
and well-being.
The first issue’s Forward (1917) stated further:
. . . the problem which is here concerned is one which must appeal to
the interest of every psychologist who besides being a “pure scientist”
also cherishes the hope that in addition to throwing light upon the
theoretical problems of his science, his findings may also contribute
their quota to the sum-total of human happiness; and it must appeal to
every human being who is interested in increasing human efficiency
and human happiness by the more direct method of decreasing the
number of cases where a square peg is condemned to a life of fruitless
endeavor to fit itself comfortably into a round hole. The problem,
therefore, is one which touches the psychologist not only as a scientist
but in his relations to his fellowmen and to the practical concerns of
life; and it is equally of interest to the various groups of nonpsychological workers,– employers of skilled labor, employees, sociologists, criminologists, moralists, legislators, administrators of justice and many others (p. 6).
239
Early Research Foci
Given the founding vision, what sort of topics did the new
journal address? A nonrandom sampling of titles from the first few
issues provides a good sense that the vision was reflected in
journal content. For example, Issue 1 contained: Practical relations between psychology and the war; A trial of mental and
pedagogical tests in a civil service examination for policemen and
firemen; The legibility of a telephone directory; Mentality testing
of college students; A comparative study of white and negro
children; and A fourth method of checking results in vocational
selection. Subsequent issues included: What can the psychology of
interest, motives and character contribute to vocational guidance?; Psychological tests for stenographers and typewriters; Estimates of the military value of certain character qualities; Mental
tests of unemployed men; Theories of stuttering; Fundamental
theorems in judging men; Sex differences shown by 2,544 schoolchildren on a group scale of intelligence, with special reference to
variability; Twenty-three serial tests of intelligence and their intercorrelations; A standardized group examination of intelligence
independent of language. That should convey the applied flavor of
the time. There was plethora of work on tests and group differences as revealed by testing, but also an open sense of inquiry to
a range of problems and an abiding faith in the value of an applied
psychology.
Changing Scientific Foci
All of the historical accounts that examine the development of
industrial and organizational psychology (IOP) are sensitive to the
ways in which research and practice topics in the field have been
influenced by historically significant events or sensibilities of the
era at that time (Katzell & Austin, 1992; Koppes & Vinchur, 2012;
Landy, 1992, 1997). The formation of the journal occurred at the
height of the U.S.A.s involvement in the Great War, later renamed
World War I because it was merely the first. The opening paper by
G. Stanley Hall, one of the founders, was entitled, Practical
Relations between Psychology and the War (1917). As described
previously, many of the early investigations were energized by the
new technology of mental testing, the search for individual and
group differences, and practical applications for psychological
tests. The push for employment equality in subsequent eras made
salient racial and sex differences in the 1970s. The field broadened
in the 1980s and 1990s with an increasing interest in work relationships and organizational factors. More recently, scholars have
highlighted the shift in work structure from individuals to teams,
the rise in research on teamwork, and increasing attention on the
organizational context for work attitudes and behavior. In addition,
IOP research published in this journal and elsewhere has contributed to and been influenced by development in the broader psychology discipline, such as evolving emphases on behaviorism in
the 1940s and 1950s, cognition beginning in the 1960s, and so
forth (Katzell & Austin, 1992; Koppes & Vinchur, 2012). Thus,
the nature of IOP inquiry and science evolves over time, owing to
evolving nature of work, organizations, and society, as well as
developments in the broader discipline of psychology (Kozlowski,
2012). Our goal is to provide insights around that evolution over
the last century and, consistent with the essential nature of the
journal, to do so quantitatively.
240
KOZLOWSKI, CHEN, AND SALAS
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Bibliometric Analysis Approach
To facilitate a quantitative bibliometric analysis, the complete
set of PsycINFO records for the Journal of Applied Psychology
were harvested by APA and provided to us. The PsycINFO XML
database contained 9498 records for the journal; essentially, all
published material from March, 2017 through March, 2016 including a few articles that were “in press.” Thus, the full dataset
comprised just over 99 years of content from March, 1917, the first
issue of the journal, through March, 2016 —the point at which the
records were harvested.
A key goal of our bibliometric analysis was to use objective
methods (as objective as practical) to characterize the corpus of the
scientific content of the journal. Thus, rather than developing a
subjective coding scheme, we conducted a quantitative examination that focused on (a) keywords, which were c …
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