Expert answer:Literature Review on Human Trafficking

Expert answer:The purpose of this assignment is to retrieve a nursing research publications based on an approved research problem. The goal is to be able to differentiate research from other types of publications, with a focus on recent qualitative and quantitative nursing research. At least one of the authors must be a nurse. Instructions: 1. Submission of a Nursing Research Publications, based on Human Trafficking. a. Published articles are RESEARCH, the article needs to have been done on one the following levels of evidence: • Individual randomized clinical trials • Individual cohort study • Outcomes research • Individual case-control study • Expert Opinion ( The article that I attached is at this level of evidence) b. The article is from a quality peer‐reviewed nursing journal c. At least one of the lead authors of the article is a nurse d. The study should be published in the past 5 years e. Maximum of 2 quantitative study permitted f. No meta‐analyses or comprehensive reviews are permitted g. Copy of full article is required, not just abstract 2. Instructions Literature Review outline a. Introduction provided that includes research question and databases used for search and concepts used for search. Major headings provided. b. Summarize major findings of the study included under major heading
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AJPH PERSPECTIVES
permit entry to those with legal
status in the United States only
after revoking 100 000 visas from
the seven Muslim-majority
countries. The alarming nature of
the executive order presumes that
one chooses to be displaced or
a refugee. But most refugees are
forced out of their countries because of persistent war, torture, or
persecution, and have the eventual goal of returning home once
the environment has been
deemed safe.
Fortunately, many US organizations offer safe spaces for
refugees and those looking to
resettle. For example, New York
State, long a site of refuge for
immigrants, continues to open its
doors to refugees and offers many
locations that provide safety
and security for those in need.
More than just resettlement,
the Mohawk Valley Resource
Center for Refugees also provides free adult learning courses,
job placement, legal consultation, and mental health and
physician services as needed
(bit.ly/2oASu2t). Similar facilities across the United States have
garnered support from activist
organizations such as the International Refugee Assistance
Project, the American Refugee
Committee, and Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service
(bit.ly/2oASu2t). Donations for
these organizations have skyrocketed since the signing of
the 2017 executive order.7
Public health professionals
can serve this vulnerable population
by first highlighting the precarious
journey that refugees experience,
then by understanding the devastating effects displacement can have
on both children and adults, and
finally by supporting refugees as
they recover from the extreme
trauma and stress.7 Promoting resiliency is an investment in both the
short- and long-term health,
treatment, and care of displaced and
refugee persons in communities
across the world.
To avoid a potential mental
health crisis, it is imperative that we
act to care for and provide appropriate and supportive resources to
displaced and refugee children. By
extending services beyond physical
needs, these children are more likely
to have better developed neurological and biological systems—
systems crucial for prosocial and
nonviolent, resilient behavior.
Kaylee Seddio, MS, CFLE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I acknowledge the support and encouragement of Wendy Middlemiss, PhD,
through her guidance of writing this article.
REFERENCES
1. United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees. Figures at a glance.
Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/
en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.
Accessed February 27, 2016.
Public Health Research Priorities to
Address US Human Trafficking
In February 2017, the US
presidential administration
affirmed a commitment to address human trafficking. The US
Trafficking Victims Protection Act
of 2000 (Pub Law No. 106-386)
defines human trafficking as “the
recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining
of a person for labor or services,
through the use of force, fraud, or
coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude,
peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.” Human trafficking is often
confused with smuggling, which
involves the consensual but illegal
transportation of a human across
a national border.
Victims of human trafficking
include US-born and naturalized
July 2017, Vol 107, No. 7
AJPH
citizens, permanent residents,
legal visitors, and undocumented
immigrants. They are trafficked
in commercial sex and myriad
forms of labor, including domestic work, agricultural work,
and construction work. Minors
engaged in commercial sex are
considered to be trafficking victims, regardless of the use of force,
fraud, or coercion. In fiscal year
2015, the US Department of
Homeland Security and the
US Department of Justice
opened 2847 investigations of
suspected human trafficking cases
and prosecuted 377 defendants
for human trafficking crimes.1
In that same year, the 21
federally funded victim services
agencies in the United States
reported 3889 open client cases.
These cases are believed to
represent a fraction of all
human trafficking activity in
the nation.2
The negative health consequences of human trafficking are
well established and include
neurologic, gastrointestinal,
cardiovascular, musculoskeletal,
2. Montgomery E. Trauma, exile and
mental health in young refugees. Acta
Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2011;(440):1–46.
3. Betancourt TS, Newnham EA, Layne
CM, et al. Trauma history and psychopathology in war affected refugee children
referred for trauma-related mental health
services in the United States. J Trauma
Stress. 2012;25(6):682–690.
4. Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P. A
social-cognitive-ecological framework for
understanding the impact of exposure to
persistent ethnic–political violence on
children’s psychosocial adjustment. Clin
Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2009;12(2):
113–126.
5. Kane JC, Ventevogel P, Spiegel P, Bass
JK, Van Ommeren M, Tol WA. Mental,
neurological, and substance use problems
among refugees in primary health care:
analysis of the Health Information System
in 90 refugee camps. BMC Med. 2014;
12(1):228.
6. Hebebrand J, Anagnostopoulos D, Eliez
S, et al. A first assessment of the needs of
young refugees arriving in Europe: what
mental health professionals need to know.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;25(1):
1–6.
7. Philbrick AM, Wicks C, Harris I, et al.
Make refugee health care great [again]. Am
J Public Health. 2017;107(5):656–658.
dermatological, reproductive,
sexual, dental, and mental health
problems. Nonetheless, many
questions remain about the
nature and scope of human
trafficking, its determinants,
and how to mitigate the
problem.
A public health approach to
human trafficking involves estimating the size of the problem;
identifying risk and protective
factors for victimization, perpetration, survival, and resilience
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
All of the authors are with HEAL (Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage) Trafficking.
Emily F. Rothman is also with the Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Hanni Stoklosa is also with Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston. Makini Chisolm-Straker is also with the Icahn School of Medicine, Department of
Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY. Rumi Kato Price is also with the
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Holly G. Atkinson is also with the Department of Medical Education, CUNY School of
Medicine, New York, NY.
Correspondence should be sent to Emily F. Rothman, Associate Professor, Boston University
School of Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, 801 Massachusetts Ave,
Floor 4, Boston, MA 02118 (e-mail: erothman@bu.edu). Reprints can be ordered at http://
www.ajph.org by clicking the “Reprints” link.
This editorial was accepted April 15, 2017.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303858
Rothman et al.
Editorial
1045
AJPH PERSPECTIVES
PROPOSED AGENDA
FOR PUBLIC HEALTH
RESEARCH ON HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
1. Determine the prevalence
and incidence of human
trafficking with better
precision.
2. Estimate the cost burden
of human trafficking.
3. Identify risk and
protective factors for
human trafficking
victimization,
perpetration, survival
and resilience.
4. Investigate effectiveness
of healthcare screening
and response protocols.
5. Implement and evaluate
human trafficking
prevention strategies.
Source. HEAL Trafficking Research Committee (https://
healtrafficking.org)
across multiple levels of the
social ecology; and developing
evidence-based strategies to improve victim health. On the basis of
this framework, and the existing
evidence about early stage human
trafficking prevention efforts, we
propose five research priorities that
should be accomplished over the
next decade (see the box on this
page).
PRIORITY 1:
PREVALENCE AND
INCIDENCE
There is an urgent need to
improve the precision of estimates of the number of human
trafficking victims in the United
States or any one state, county,
or city. The methods used to
1046
Editorial
Rothman et al.
calculate estimates of human trafficking in the US are rarely described in the scholarly articles and
government reports in which they
are presented.3 Criminal justice
data yield underestimates because
many traffickers elude detection.
Similarly, estimates from human
trafficking service provider
agencies or hotlines may represent
only a portion of cases or may
overestimate cases. There have
been at least two attempts to estimate the number of human
trafficking survivors in a
particular US region using
innovative methods such as
capture–recapture techniques and
respondent-driven sampling,3,4
but the resulting estimates are
disparate and their accuracy is
uncertain.
It has been suggested that
more precise estimates may be
derived through the use of
probability sampling, simple and
systematic random sampling,
nonprobability sampling,
venue-based sampling, snowball
sampling, chain referral sampling, respondent-driven sampling, or capture–recapture
techniques.5 Once credible estimates have been generated,
ongoing monitoring of the
number of new cases per year
(i.e., incidence) and percentage
of the population experiencing
victimization (i.e., prevalence)
will enable policymakers to
evaluate the effectiveness
of policies and interdiction
efforts.
PRIORITY 2: COST
BURDEN
Understanding the cost burden of human trafficking to
health and human services and
the criminal justice system will
help clarify how to prioritize
human trafficking prevention
relative to other problems.
The cost burden cannot be
estimated without sound estimates of prevalence and incidence, but once those
estimates become available it
will be important to assess the
net cost of human trafficking
on individuals and communities to evaluate whether
resources are being expended
effectively.
PRIORITY 3: RISK AND
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Meaningful prevention and
intervention strategies cannot
be developed on the basis of
risk markers without causal relationship to human trafficking.
The existing evidence base provides copious information
about correlates of human trafficking victimization, but researchers and program planners
need more than lists of variables
that are associated with human
trafficking victimization crosssectionally.
Not all factors correlated
or associated with human trafficking are risk factors. Investigations of modifiable
determinants of human trafficking and factors contributing to
resilience and survival among
trafficked people are necessary
for the development of effective
prevention and rehabilitation
programs.
PRIORITY 4:
SCREENING AND
RESPONSE
Through state, regional, and
local task forces, public health
professionals and health care
providers contribute to interdisciplinary antitrafficking
efforts across the United States.
Additionally, many health care
agencies are developing their
own protocols to identify and
respond to patients at risk for
trafficking. Although the health
care setting may be ideal for
interventions with victims,
many worthwhile empirical
questions remain about the
investment of resources in
healthcare programs to
prevent or intervene in
human trafficking.
First, there has been a proliferation of assessment tools for
identifying human trafficking
victims (i.e., “indicator checklists”),6 but their predictive
validity is unknown. The
widespread use of screening
protocols in the absence of sensitivity and specificity data could
cause entire subclasses of
victims to be missed or burden
clinicians and health systems with
tools that only rarely correctly
identify victims. Furthermore,
even if clinical screening tools
have good predictive validity,
clinicians and agencies may be
unable to assist trafficked patients
they identify if victim services are
not available.
To identify or expose someone as a trafficking victim without a plan to adequately address
her or his complex needs can
endanger the patient. To ensure
that responses to victims improve
outcomes, researchers should
engage in systems-level research
to investigate healthcare institutions’ best practices for
managing patients at risk for
human trafficking.
PRIORITY 5:
PREVENTION
STRATEGIES
As information accumulates
about risk and protective
factors for human trafficking,
comprehensive prevention strategies should be developed. These
AJPH
July 2017, Vol 107, No. 7
AJPH PERSPECTIVES
strategies should be theoretically
based, be evidence informed,
address different levels of the
social ecology, and involve
multiple components. Each
prevention strategy should be
developmentally appropriate for
the age group it seeks to affect,
be culturally appropriate, and
work synergistically with other,
related prevention strategies such
as those designed to reduce
partner violence and child
maltreatment.7 Ultimately,
antihuman trafficking efforts
should result in a reduction of
human trafficking incidence and
improved identification, survival,
health, and well-being among
survivors. However, little is
known about the effectiveness of
human trafficking policies and
programs or their long-term
outcomes. Data collection and
sharing are essential, as are
policy analyses and natural epidemiology experiments. Studies of
child protection, domestic violence, immigration, labor
regulation, minimum wage, and
drug and sex criminalization laws
will provide key intersectional
knowledge to advance the human
trafficking response.
In conclusion, a robust program of research that achieves
the five priority aims outlined in
this agenda will make substantial
advances toward achieving the
US goal of reducing human
trafficking and ending the suffering of the people who experience it.
Emily F. Rothman, ScD
Hanni Stoklosa, MD, MPH
Susie B. Baldwin, MD, MPH
Makini Chisolm-Straker, MD,
MPH
Rumi Kato Price, PhD, MPE
Holly G. Atkinson, MD,
on Behalf of HEAL Trafficking
CONTRIBUTORS
This editorial was created collaboratively
by members of the HEAL Trafficking
Research Committee.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Health, Education, Advocacy, Linkage
(HEAL) Trafficking is a multidisciplinary
consortium of professionals whose mission
is to shift the antitrafficking paradigm toward approaches rooted in public health
and trauma-informed care. HEAL comprises more than 1000 members, including
physicians, mental health and behavioral
specialists, nurses, advanced practice clinicians, social workers, public health
professionals, attorneys, administrators,
and researchers.
The following committee members
contributed to the original concept and
writing: Harrison Alter, MD, MS,
Stephanie Armstrong, MSN, RN, Danna
Basson, PhD, MPP, Vijeta Bhambhani,
MS, MPH, Lindsay Gezinski, PhD, Jamie
Kynn, MA, MSW, PhuongThao D. Le,
PhD, MPH, Kayse Lee Maass, PhD,
Ochanya Ogah, Victoria Osasah, MPH,
Katherine R. Peeler, MD, Anita Ravi,
MD, MPH, MSHP, Preeti Panda, MD,
Frances Recknor, DrPH, LCSW,
Elizabeth Singer, MD, MPH, Kanani E.
Titchen, MD, and Jessica Volz BSN, RN,
FNE-A/P.
July 2017, Vol 107, No. 7
AJPH
Legal,3 reviewed in a previous
issue of AJPH.4
d
d
Accuse science of deception,
calling it “junk science” or
“bad science,” claiming science is manipulated to fulfill
a political agenda.
Attack the scientific institutions and government
agencies perceived to be
acting against corporate
interests.
4. Williamson C, Perdue T, Belton L,
Burns O. Domestic sex trafficking in
Ohio. 2012. Available at: http://
www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/
getattachment/1bc0e815-71b643f5-ba45-c667840d4a93/2012Domestic-Sex-Trafficking-inOhio-Report.aspx. Accessed March 7,
2017.
5. Fedina L, DeForge BR. Estimating the
trafficked population: public-health research
methodologies may be the answer. Journal of
Human Trafficking. 2017;3(1):21–38.
6. Stoklosa H, Dawson MB, WilliamsOni F, Rothman EF. A review of US
health care institution protocols for the
identification and treatment of victims of
human trafficking. Journal of Human
Trafficking. 2016;4:1–9.
7. Nation M, Crusto C, Wandersman A,
et al. What works in prevention: principles
of effective prevention programs. Am
Psychol. 2003;58(6–7):449–456.
1. US Department of State. Trafficking in
persons report. 2016. Available at: http://
www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt. Accessed
September 20, 2016.
2. Nichols AJ, Heil EC. Challenges to
identifying and prosecuting sex trafficking
d
s
d
Insist that the science is uncertain by:
s
1. ATTACK LEGITIMATE
SCIENCE
3. Zhang SX. Measuring labor trafficking:
a research note. Crime Law Soc Change.
2012;58(4):469–482.
REFERENCES
What Public Health Practitioners
Need to Know About Unhealthy
Industry Tactics
If you are working to
improve public health and
the environment, you need
to know what your opponents are up to. Provided
below is a quick guide to
their tactics, which I have
assembled as a summary
from three sources: Oreskes
and Conway’s Merchants
of Doubt (reviewed in
this issue),1 Wiist’s “The
Corporate Playbook, Health,
and Democracy: The Snack
Food and Beverage Industry’s
Tactics in Context,”2 and
Freudenberg’s Lethal but
cases in the Midwest United States. Fem
Criminol. 2014;10(1):7–35.
s
Claiming we don’t know
what’s causing it, and
more research is needed.
Withholding any data unfavorable to the corporate
product.
d
d
Using information in a misleading way;
cherry-picking by using
facts that are true but
irrelevant.
Insist that there are many
causes to a health or environmental problem, and that
addressing just one of them
will have minimal impact.
Exaggerate the uncertainty
inherent in any scientific endeavor to undermine the status of established scientific
knowledge.
Use corporate-funded studies.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
A. Rob Moodie is with the School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College
of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, and the Melbourne
School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia.
Correspondence should be sent to A. Rob Moodie, Professor of Public Health, College of
Medicine, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi (e-mail: rmoodie@medcol.mw). Reprints can be
ordered at http://www.ajph.org by clicking the “Reprints” link.
This editorial was accepted April 15, 2017.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303861
Moodie
Editorial
1047
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