Expert answer:Lab report
Expert answer:For this assignment, you will participate in an online experiment on reaction time located within the psychology learning tools”. Once you have completed the experiment you will need to analyze data (I will give you data) and write a lab report (7- 10 pages) in APA style consisting of the following sections:Title PageAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferencesAppendix with IRB formJust like the mini lab report, you will participate in the online experiment so you know what the experiment is like. You will be given the data to analyze.Here is the data file:DataYou will write the report as if you were the researcher conducting the experiment. You have some options in your research question for this project. The data you are given includes the gender and age of the participants as well as three columns of results data (from 3 tasks). If you have a particular interest and want to modify the data, you have that choice. We will talk about this in week 4. (I chose music as a reaction distraction)Careful attention must be paid to APA style as it represents a significant portion of your grade for the paper and is an intended learning outcome for the course. At the end of the term you will submit your completed paper to your assignment folder.In addition to presenting your work in a paper, you will create a graphical representation in the form of a scientific poster. The poster must include your title, name, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references. Be aware that the poster is not simply a reiteration of the work you did for the paper, but instead is almost of snapshot of what you have done. (Attached is a sample)
research_report_raw_data__1_.xls
poster_example_dr._goodwin__6___1_.ppt
sample_poster_template__1_.pptx
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Gender
Age
Time In
Experiment
Simple
GNG
Choice
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
493.34
458.07
466.59
1052.4
364.27
421
554.11
63.862
77.953
414.57
438.23
329.55
387.26
310
403.72
328.25
568.23
365.55
55.438
54.522
50.014
399.84
225.62
349.3
400.94
469.16
377.96
359.98
160.13
124.02
50.095
386.39
363
345.54
328.54
351.88
447.5
657.39
494.54
302.03
393.03
310.9
0.186
0.191
0.288
0.231
0.267
0.231
0.352
0.257
0.238
0.248
0.397
0.365
0.299
0.336
0.214
0.227
0.243
0.313
0.413
0.262
0.363
0.417
0.262
0.288
0.234
0.199
0.194
0.333
0.204
0.228
0.416
0.259
0.257
0.243
0.214
0.301
0.281
0.327
0.584
0.267
0.441
0.303
0.434
0.505
0.449
0.292
0.339
0.306
0.431
0.44
0.362
0.401
0.334
0.38
0.345
0.408
0.3
0.403
0.506
0.397
0.364
0.336
0.315
0.382
0.283
0.37
0.306
0.346
0.595
0.405
0.267
0.283
0.572
0.393
0.501
0.338
0.695
0.39
0.466
0.385
0.558
0.331
0.375
0.376
0.325
0.369
0.473
0.508
0.532
0.372
0.413
0.427
0.377
0.306
0.375
0.428
0.351
0.389
0.282
0.374
0.385
0.335
0.361
0.375
0.314
0.405
0.442
0.375
0.314
0.34
0.483
0.382
0.265
0.295
0.485
0.548
0.478
0.387
0.423
0.372
0.349
0.499
0.481
0.389
0.443
0.513
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
M
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
313.73
55.787
87.232
410.5
277.09
451.67
349.12
598.29
373.9
361.15
967.9
798.71
436.63
440.83
93.294
89.676
103.83
131.52
435.46
197.17
362.13
76.886
443.37
184.78
505.51
402.59
297.33
423.04
125.76
398.08
418.26
65.518
64.162
72.887
165
396.3
412.47
440.31
1053.5
379.37
374.3
1009.8
328.23
302.34
0.223
0.233
0.612
0.244
0.558
0.31
0.264
0.299
0.354
0.302
0.286
0.323
0.314
0.308
0.428
0.449
0.284
0.38
2.327
1.752
0.281
0.572
0.306
0.666
0.921
0.372
0.301
0.42
0.343
0.21
0.258
0.202
0.24
0.85
0.858
1.473
0.352
0.27
0.238
0.34
0.241
0.246
0.308
0.282
0.253
0.302
0.536
0.313
0.485
0.466
0.337
0.371
0.916
0.459
0.315
0.385
0.322
0.388
0.337
0.393
0.353
0.335
0.562
0.589
0.43
0.371
0.438
0.463
0.738
0.391
0.392
0.38
0.501
0.303
0.422
0.309
0.334
0.688
0.788
0.416
0.635
0.417
0.299
0.479
0.422
0.318
0.337
0.359
0.331
0.325
0.906
0.351
0.476
0.518
0.359
0.341
0.446
0.587
0.389
0.952
0.366
0.457
0.362
0.349
0.876
0.368
0.837
0.552
0.406
0.436
0.581
0.458
0.259
0.38
0.379
0.367
0.467
0.451
0.247
0.387
0.346
0.695
1.548
0.416
0.341
0.295
0.29
0.504
0.38
0.34
0.396
0.412
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
27
27
28
28
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
38
39
39
39
39
40
40
41
449.84
554.61
307.19
935.1
173.78
109.81
646.82
85.602
301.95
205.92
243.14
140.59
471.95
570.4
423.53
572.5
407.49
452.92
90.465
107.7
96.402
528.17
575.44
380.1
101.41
146.06
523.02
94.281
353.62
75.004
379.34
97.995
83.701
442.37
1145.7
253.31
88.722
496.77
67.835
109.26
427.23
339.86
324.75
418.55
0.384
0.272
0.295
0.27
1.268
0.704
0.334
0.982
0.377
0.427
0.37
1.138
1.345
0.999
0.301
0.316
0.361
0.421
0.343
0.458
0.689
1.196
5.668
0.745
0.403
0.421
0.457
0.471
1.774
1.147
0.325
0.375
0.989
0.605
2.57
0.428
0.348
0.326
1.171
0.533
0.41
1.433
1.479
0.428
0.281
0.348
0.38
0.37
1.362
0.366
0.528
0.352
0.537
0.331
0.471
0.385
0.621
0.422
0.426
0.457
0.54
0.537
0.373
0.399
0.359
0.412
0.579
0.361
0.378
0.518
0.507
0.687
1.076
0.759
0.381
0.427
0.581
0.432
0.557
0.547
0.661
0.407
0.655
0.738
0.513
0.366
0.382
0.377
0.292
0.824
0.489
0.408
0.485
0.421
0.479
0.346
0.515
0.463
0.807
0.793
0.533
0.619
0.493
0.489
0.696
1.261
0.541
0.376
0.697
0.68
0.509
0.434
0.496
0.613
0.547
0.77
1.165
0.766
0.398
0.475
0.47
0.347
0.532
0.564
0.413
0.382
0.515
1.798
0.533
0.371
0.509
0.653
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
M
41
41
41
42
43
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
48
49
49
50
50
53
53
54
54
55
55
56
58
MEAN
SD
104.47
0.335
0.521
0.421
112.04
0.609
0.398
0.442
764.9
1.828
0.423
0.378
475.71
0.575
0.408
0.452
445.29
1.893
0.972
1.028
371.57
0.323
0.601
0.537
230.58
1.031
0.652
0.628
71.13
4.428
0.413
0.586
319.03
0.413
0.494
0.485
389.09
0.667
0.34
0.479
315.16
2.453
0.513
0.545
951.13
1.294
0.334
0.408
127.49
0.523
0.605
0.459
137.35
3.072
0.517
0.712
360.73
0.461
0.529
0.551
70.954
0.433
0.38
0.544
90.933
3.459
0.591
1.046
339.81
1.346
0.471
0.53
91.29
0.495
0.641
3.334
101.31
3.342
0.438
0.418
135.55
1.862
0.548
7.234
101.92
3.353
0.444
0.915
80.301
4.093
0.353
0.393
66.504
3.856
0.403
0.703
77.673
3.651
0.499
0.537
392.04
0.854
0.468
0.467
101.06
0.756
0.424
0.472
128.55
0.409
0.434
0.36
399.51
1.179
0.43
0.429
109.57
4.268
0.326
0.656
330.581113 0.762438 0.452669 0.56115
223.855825 0.954581 0.151755 0.615708
Gender
Age
Time In
Experiment
Simple
GNG
Choice
Gender
Age
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
493.34
458.07
466.59
1052.4
364.27
421
554.11
403.72
328.25
568.23
365.55
225.62
349.3
400.94
469.16
377.96
386.39
363
345.54
328.54
351.88
447.5
657.39
277.09
451.67
349.12
598.29
373.9
798.71
89.676
103.83
131.52
184.78
505.51
125.76
398.08
418.26
65.518
64.162
412.47
440.31
1053.5
0.186
0.191
0.288
0.231
0.267
0.231
0.352
0.214
0.227
0.243
0.313
0.262
0.288
0.234
0.199
0.194
0.259
0.257
0.243
0.214
0.301
0.281
0.327
0.558
0.31
0.264
0.299
0.354
0.323
0.449
0.284
0.38
0.666
0.921
0.343
0.21
0.258
0.202
0.24
0.352
0.27
0.238
0.434
0.505
0.449
0.292
0.339
0.306
0.431
0.3
0.403
0.506
0.397
0.283
0.37
0.306
0.346
0.595
0.393
0.501
0.338
0.695
0.39
0.466
0.385
0.485
0.466
0.337
0.371
0.916
0.385
0.393
0.353
0.335
0.463
0.738
0.501
0.303
0.422
0.309
0.334
0.635
0.417
0.299
0.325
0.369
0.473
0.508
0.532
0.372
0.413
0.282
0.374
0.385
0.335
0.442
0.375
0.314
0.34
0.483
0.548
0.478
0.387
0.423
0.372
0.349
0.499
0.476
0.518
0.359
0.341
0.446
0.952
0.349
0.876
0.368
0.458
0.259
0.467
0.451
0.247
0.387
0.346
0.341
0.295
0.29
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
27
27
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
27
27
28
30
30
30
31
31
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
37
39
39
39
40
41
41
41
42
43
43
43
45
45
46
49
50
53
53
55
55
MEAN
SD
374.3
0.241
0.422
0.38
1009.8
0.246
0.318
0.34
307.19
0.295
0.38
0.489
173.78
1.268
1.362
0.485
109.81
0.704
0.366
0.421
646.82
0.334
0.528
0.479
243.14
0.37
0.471
0.807
140.59
1.138
0.385
0.793
471.95
1.345
0.621
0.533
407.49
0.361
0.54
0.696
96.402
0.689
0.359
0.697
528.17
1.196
0.412
0.68
575.44
5.668
0.579
0.509
380.1
0.745
0.361
0.434
523.02
0.457
0.507
0.547
353.62
1.774
1.076
1.165
75.004
1.147
0.759
0.766
97.995
0.375
0.427
0.475
83.701
0.989
0.581
0.47
496.77
0.326
0.407
0.382
67.835
1.171
0.655
0.515
109.26
0.533
0.738
1.798
339.86
1.433
0.366
0.371
418.55
0.428
0.377
0.653
104.47
0.335
0.521
0.421
112.04
0.609
0.398
0.442
475.71
0.575
0.408
0.452
445.29
1.893
0.972
1.028
371.57
0.323
0.601
0.537
230.58
1.031
0.652
0.628
127.49
0.523
0.605
0.459
137.35
3.072
0.517
0.712
70.954
0.433
0.38
0.544
91.29
0.495
0.641
3.334
135.55
1.862
0.548
7.234
80.301
4.093
0.353
0.393
66.504
3.856
0.403
0.703
101.06
0.756
0.424
0.472
128.55
0.409
0.434
0.36
342.348296 0.694086 0.478346 0.619852
222.237241 0.917079 0.183621 0.838678
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
27
27
28
30
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
32
34
34
35
36
37
37
37
38
39
40
41
43
43
44
44
44
45
46
48
49
50
54
54
56
58
MEAN
SD
Time In
Experiment
Simple
GNG
Choice
63.862
77.953
414.57
438.23
329.55
387.26
310
55.438
54.522
50.014
399.84
359.98
160.13
124.02
50.095
494.54
302.03
393.03
310.9
313.73
55.787
87.232
410.5
361.15
967.9
436.63
440.83
93.294
435.46
197.17
362.13
76.886
443.37
402.59
297.33
423.04
72.887
165
396.3
379.37
328.23
302.34
0.257
0.238
0.248
0.397
0.365
0.299
0.336
0.413
0.262
0.363
0.417
0.333
0.204
0.228
0.416
0.584
0.267
0.441
0.303
0.223
0.233
0.612
0.244
0.302
0.286
0.314
0.308
0.428
2.327
1.752
0.281
0.572
0.306
0.372
0.301
0.42
0.85
0.858
1.473
0.34
0.308
0.282
0.44
0.362
0.401
0.334
0.38
0.345
0.408
0.364
0.336
0.315
0.382
0.405
0.267
0.283
0.572
0.558
0.331
0.375
0.376
0.253
0.302
0.536
0.313
0.459
0.315
0.322
0.388
0.337
0.562
0.589
0.43
0.371
0.438
0.391
0.392
0.38
0.688
0.788
0.416
0.479
0.337
0.359
0.427
0.377
0.306
0.375
0.428
0.351
0.389
0.361
0.375
0.314
0.405
0.382
0.265
0.295
0.485
0.481
0.389
0.443
0.513
0.331
0.325
0.906
0.351
0.587
0.389
0.366
0.457
0.362
0.837
0.552
0.406
0.436
0.581
0.38
0.379
0.367
0.695
1.548
0.416
0.504
0.396
0.412
449.84
0.384
0.281
0.292
554.61
0.272
0.348
0.824
935.1
0.27
0.37
0.408
85.602
0.982
0.352
0.346
301.95
0.377
0.537
0.515
205.92
0.427
0.331
0.463
570.4
0.999
0.422
0.619
423.53
0.301
0.426
0.493
572.5
0.316
0.457
0.489
452.92
0.421
0.537
1.261
90.465
0.343
0.373
0.541
107.7
0.458
0.399
0.376
101.41
0.403
0.378
0.496
146.06
0.421
0.518
0.613
94.281
0.471
0.687
0.77
379.34
0.325
0.381
0.398
442.37
0.605
0.432
0.347
1145.7
2.57
0.557
0.532
253.31
0.428
0.547
0.564
88.722
0.348
0.661
0.413
427.23
0.41
0.513
0.533
324.75
1.479
0.382
0.509
764.9
1.828
0.423
0.378
71.13
4.428
0.413
0.586
319.03
0.413
0.494
0.485
389.09
0.667
0.34
0.479
315.16
2.453
0.513
0.545
951.13
1.294
0.334
0.408
360.73
0.461
0.529
0.551
90.933
3.459
0.591
1.046
339.81
1.346
0.471
0.53
101.31
3.342
0.438
0.418
101.92
3.353
0.444
0.915
77.673
3.651
0.499
0.537
392.04
0.854
0.468
0.467
399.51
1.179
0.43
0.429
109.57
4.268
0.326
0.656
318.51603 0.832519 0.426342 0.500962
226.28127 0.992508 0.10477 0.210023
Blockade of the Behavioral Effects of Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
by GHB and GABA-B Receptor Antagonists
1
Goodwin ,
K.M.
T.
3
Burlingame ,
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous substance
found in the brain, as well as a drug of abuse. In recent years, GHB has
begun to receive more attention due to an increase in reports of nonmedical use and a sharp rise in medical emergencies associated with
illicit use of GHB.
When administered systemically, GHB produces CNS depressant
effects that are similar to those produced by classic sedative-hypnotics
such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines. GHB also produces a range
of adverse effects including agitation, dizziness, nausea/vomiting,
seizures, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and unconsciousness.
Although once used as an anesthetic, the only therapeutic and legal use
of GHB is currently for the treatment of narcolepsy
The neurobiological mechanisms by which GHB produces its
behavioral effects are unknown. GHB does not directly modulate GABAA receptors, which are the primary mechanism for the behavioral actions
of both barbiturates and benzodiazepines. GHB binds to two receptor
sites in the CNS, the GHB receptor and the GABA-B receptor.
The current study characterized the behavioral effects of acute GHB
administration in baboons and evaluated if the GHB antagonist NCS382 and the GABA-B antagonist CGP36742 would block the behavioral
effects of GHB.
Figure 1. Effects of GHB on food-maintained
behavior
320 GHB 320 GHB 320 GHB
+ 10 CGP + 32 CGP + 56 CGP
Postures
4
0
1
0
Lip droop
3
0
0
0
Ataxia
3
0
1a
0
Defecation
with
Diarrhea
2
0
0
Vomiting
2
1
3
0
GHB Dose (mg/kg)
Four adult male baboons (Papio
anubis) with chronic indwelling
intragastric (IG) catheters
Catheters were protected by a
vest/tether system that permitted
free movement within the cage
320 GHB
+ .1 NCS
(n=4)
320 GHB 320 GHB
+ .32 NCS +1 NCS
(n=4)
(n=3)
Figure 6. Effects of NCS-382 pretreatment on the fine
motor task
Vehicle
320 mg/kg GHB
320 mg/kg GHB+NCS-382
320 GHB
+3.2 NCS
(n=4)
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
2
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1b
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Vehicle
320 mg/kg GHB
320 mg/kg GHB+NCS-382
Drug
Figure 7. Effects of CGP36742 pretreatment on the fine
motor task
Figure 2. Effects of GHB on fine motor task
Bridge Light
Sessions were controlled remotely
by PCs with MED Associates
Software and hardware
Experiment 1: Effects Of GHB alone
▪ 150 mls of GHB or water (VEH) administered as a bolus infusion
▪ FR schedule of pellet delivery during daily 20-hr sessions beginning 60-
GHB Dose (mg/kg)
min after drug administration
Frequency and duration of 21 behaviors and 8 postures observed
during 60 min periods beginning 60-min after drug or VEH infusion
320 mg/kg GHB
320 mg/kg GHB+CGP36742
Time (sec)
▪
Jewel
Lights
Levers
Vehicle
Number of Pellets
Pellet
Hopper
Distilled water (450 mls/day) was
infused continuously via a peristaltic
pump to maintain catheter patency
The home cage served as the
experimental cage and was
equipped with an intelligence panel
containing a Lindsley lever, a
speaker, stimulus lights and a food
hopper for the experimental
control of behavior
▪
and E.M.
1
Weerts
Figure 4. Effects of NCS-382pretreatment on foodmaintained behavior
▪
▪
320 GHB
ALONE
Head
Lower
Posture
Tremor
Jerk
Duration (sec)
▪
Experiment 2: Results
Table 2. Number of subjects showing behavioral
signs of sedation, muscle relaxation and abdominal
discomfort after antagonists + GHB administration
Dose
(mg/kg)
Methods
▪
C.
4
Jakobs ,
Division of Behavioral Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2 Novartis Pharma AG, Basel Switzerland;
3Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, USA; 4Clin. Chem., VU University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Introduction
▪
E.E.W.
4
Jansen ,
Time (sec)
1
W.
3
Gibson ,
Number of Pellets
A.K.
2
Froestl ,
Figure 3. GHB in blood
Figure 5. Effects of CGP36742 pretreatment on foodmaintained behavior
Vehicle
Fine motor task presented immediately before and again after the 60min observation period.
320 mg/kg GHB
320 mg/kg GHB+CGP36742
Summary and Conclusions
▪
Number of Pellets
Experiment 1: Results
Table 1. Number of subjects showing behavioral
signs of sedation, muscle relaxation and abdominal
discomfort after GHB administration
GHB Dose (mg/kg)
100
(n=4)
180
(n=4)
240
(n=4)
320
(n=4)
Resting
Postures
1
2
3
4
3
Lip droop
0
1
1
3
2
Ataxia
0
1
1
3
2
Experiment 2: Effects of GABA-B and GHB
antagonists on the behavioral effects of
GHB
Defecation
with
Diarrhea
0
0
2
2
2*
▪
Vomiting
0
0
1
2
2*
1
0
2
3
2
0
0
0
0
2
Head
Lower
Posture
Tremors
Jerks
420
(n=3*)
*Baboon KH projectile vomiting and diarrhea within 20 min after dosing-no observation
▪
NCS-382 (0.1-3.2 mg/kg), CGP36742 (10-56 mg/kg), or VEH
(sterile water) injected IM immediately prior to IG infusion of 320
mg/kg GHB or VEH
All other procedures the same as Experiment 1
▪
▪
▪
GHB dose-dependently reduced food-maintained behavior and
disrupted performance on the fine motor task. Pre-treatment with a
GABA-B antagonist restored food-maintained behavior to vehicle
levels, while pre-treatment with a GHB receptor antagonist
produced inconsistent effects.
While GHB may share some behavioral effects with classic
sedative hypnotics, the behavioral pharmacology of GHB is
distinctly different
These data are consistent with reports the GABA-B receptor plays
an important role in the behavioral effects of acute doses of GHB
The role of GHB receptors in mediating the behavioral effects of
exogenously administered GHB remain unclear
Acknowledgements
▪
▪
Supported by NIH/NIDA R01-DA14919 (Weerts)
GHB and NCS-382 were provided by NIDA drug Supply
program; CGP36742 was provided by Novartis Pharma
Title, Author(s) Affiliation
Abstract –
complete as
submitted
Introduction –
include a
couple
of related
studies to build
a case
Method
Inferential
Table
Results
Discussion
References – only for sources
cited on poster
…
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