Expert answer:I need help with my research article critique pape

Expert answer:Research Article Critique GuidelinesUpdated 7/23/2017PurposeThe
purpose of this assignment is for the student to learn to examine,
analyze, critique, and summarize an original research article. Student is to select an article from the Research Article Critique List of Articles (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Open the link to find a choice of articles from which you must choose ONE to complete this assignment.Course OutcomesThrough this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to meet the following course outcomes:CO1: Examine the sources of evidence that contribute to professional nursing practice. (PO7)CO2: Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. (POs 4 and 8)CO4: Evaluate published nursing research for credibility and lab significance related to evidence-based practice. (POs 4 and 8)CO5: Recognize the role of research findings in evidence-based practice. (POs 7 and 8)PointsThe assignment is worth a total of 175 points.RubricClick to view and download the NR439 Research Article Critique Paper Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..RequirementsThrough this assignment, the student will:Critique
a peer-reviewed study, and in your own words, describe the research
question, sample, design of study, data collection method, findings, and
limitations of each. (CO 1, CO2,)Summarize the research
article and evaluate the significance to nursing. Do not just quote the
author’s words. Paraphrase the information. (CO 4, CO5).Guidelines to writing the PaperTips on how to complete this assignment may be found at http://www.brainshark.com/devry/vu?pi=zFmz5THHgzHr05z0&intk=406182077 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Download the Research Article Critique List of Articles (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and select ONE to analyze.Retrieve the full-text version of the article from the library. Read it thoroughly.Introduction (one paragraph): The introduction should be interesting and capture the reader’s attention.Provide a brief description of the research article to be discussed.Discuss
the purpose of your paper. The purpose statement of the paper should
relate to the research article reviewed and the implications that it has
to evidence based nursing practice.You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own wordsDescribe the research question for this study in a paragraph.Describe the research in greater detail.Include your observations about this question.Discuss events or trends that could have affected this question.You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own wordsDescribe the research design of this study, and in your own words discuss the design.Discuss the research design of the study.Discuss
the strengths and weaknesses of the type of design and hypothesize why
the author utilized the design as opposed to others.You will need to summarize the information from the article in your own wordsDescribe the sample.Briefly describe the sample size used for this studyMake a judgment as to whether the sample size was adequate and defend your answer.Describe
the number or participants and determine if the number of participants
was adequate compared to the research question and the intent of the
study.Are these numbers adequate? Discuss gaps in that you identified.You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own wordsDescribe the data collection method(s)’Who collected the data?What tools were used?What were the ethical considerations addressed and discuss gaps you identified.You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own wordsDescribe the limitations of the study.Identify the limitations within the studyDescribe how the limitations could be overcome in subsequent studiesComment on why limitations are important to list and discuss within a studyYou will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own wordsDescribe the findings reported in the study.Describe the findings reported in the studyDiscuss whether the findings of the study answered the research question posed within the studyDiscuss the credibility of the findingsIf the findings do not support the research question posed within the study, what do you believe is the reason?You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own wordsSummarySummarize important points from the body of your paper including the key components of the paper.Include a statement about the research question and the findings.Discuss
the probability of implementation into practice. Based on these
findings, is the evidence that you found on your topic strong enough to
suggest a change in practice, or an idea for practice?End with a concluding statement.Citations and References must be included
to support the information within each topic area. Refer to the APA
manual, Chapter 7, for examples of proper reference format. In-text
citations are to be noted for all information contained in your paper
that is not your original idea or thought. Ask yourself, “How do I know
this?” and then cite the source.Reference Page: The Reference
Page should start on a new page (insert a page break). All references
should be cited within the body of the paper as (Author, year) and the
full reference should be included in APA format on the reference page. A
url link alone is not an adequate reference. See the APA Guidelines in
Course Resources for examples of properly formatted references.Submit the completed paper by 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday at the end of Week 6.RubricNR439_Research_Article_CritiqueNR439_Research_Article_CritiqueCriteriaRatingsPtsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeResearch Questionview longer descriptionFully describes, analyzes, and summarizes the research question in detail20.0 ptsGenerally, describes, and analyzes the research question.18.0 ptsBriefly summarizes the research question, but omits some aspects of the question.16.0 ptsIncorrectly describes the research question.8.0 ptsDoes not describe the research question.0.0 pts20.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDesign of Studyview longer descriptionFully describes, analyzes, and summarizes the design of the study in detail.20.0 ptsGenerally, describes, and analyzes the design of the study.18.0 ptsBriefly summarizes the design of the study, but omits some aspects of the design.16.0 ptsIncorrectly describes the design of the study.8.0 ptsDoes not describe the design of the study.0.0 pts20.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSample/Population of the Studyview longer descriptionFully describes, analyzes, and summarizes the sample used in the study in detail.25.0 ptsGenerally, describes, and analyzes the sample used in the study.22.0 ptsBriefly summarizes the sample used in the study, but omits some details.20.0 ptsIncorrectly describes the sample in the study, or omits major details10.0 ptsDoes not describe the sample used in the study.0.0 pts25.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeData Collection Methodsview longer descriptionFully describes, analyzes, and summarizes all of the data collection methods used in the study.25.0 ptsGenerally, describes, and analyzes the majority of data collection methods used in the study.22.0 ptsBriefly summarizes and describes parts of the data collection method used in the study.20.0 ptsIncorrectly describes the data collection method used in the study.10.0 ptsDoes not describe the data collection method used in the study.0.0 pts25.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeLimitationsview longer descriptionFully describes, analyzes, and summarizes the limitations found in the study in detail.20.0 ptsGenerally, describes, and analyzes the limitations found in the study.18.0 ptsBriefly summarizes the limitations found in the study.16.0 ptsIncorrectly describes the limitations found in the study.8.0 ptsDoes not describe the limitations found in the study.0.0 pts20.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeFindingsview longer descriptionFully describes, analyzes, and summarizes the findings of the study in detail.20.0 ptsGenerally, describes, and analyzes the findings of the study.18.0 ptsBriefly summarizes the findings of the study.16.0 ptsIncorrectly identifies the findings from the study8.0 ptsDoes not describe the findings of the study.0.0 pts20.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSummary of Articleview longer descriptionummarizes study in detail and states specific rationale for whether a change in practice is warranted.25.0 ptsGenerally, summarizes study. Gives broad rationale for whether a change in practice is warranted.22.0 ptsBriefly summarizes study and states rationale for whether a change in practice is warranted.20.0 ptsMinimally summarizes study. Gives poor rationale for whether a change in practice is warranted.10.0 ptsDoes not summarize study and does not give rationale for whether a change in practice is warranted.0.0 pts25.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeGrammar, Punctuation, and Spelling/ APA Formattingview longer descriptionNo errors in grammar, punctuation, APA, and spelling.20.0 ptsOne to four errors in grammar, spelling.18.0 ptsFive to eight errors in grammar, spelling, and syntax.16.0 ptsNine to twelve errors in grammar, spelling, and syntax.8.0 ptsThirteen or more errors to the point where it is difficult to understand the meaning of the student’s writing.0.0 pts20.0 ptsTotal Points: 175.0
postpardum_depression_article.pdf

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JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S HEALTH
Volume 23, Number 9, 2014
ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.4824
Predictors of Postpartum Depression
Wayne Katon, MD,1 Joan Russo, PhD,1 and Amelia Gavin, PhD 2
Abstract
Objective: To examine sociodemographic factors, pregnancy-associated psychosocial stress and depression,
health risk behaviors, prepregnancy medical and psychiatric illness, pregnancy-related illnesses, and birth
outcomes as risk factors for post-partum depression (PPD).
Methods: A prospective cohort study screened women at 4 and 8 months of pregnancy and used hierarchical
logistic regression analyses to examine predictors of PPD. The study sample include 1,423 pregnant women at a
university-based high risk obstetrics clinic. A score of ‡ 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
indicated clinically significant depressive symptoms.
Results: Compared with women without significant postpartum depressive symptoms, women with PPD were
significantly younger ( p < 0.0001), more likely to be unemployed ( p = 0.04), had more pregnancy associated depressive symptoms ( p < 0.0001) and psychosocial stress ( p < 0.0001), were more likely to be smokers (p < 0.0001), were more likely to be taking antidepressants (ADs) during pregnancy ( p = 0.002), were less likely to drink any alcohol during pregnancy ( p = 0.02), and were more likely to have prepregnancy medical illnesses, including diabetes ( p = 0.02) and neurologic conditions ( p = 0.02). Conclusion: Specific sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for PPD were identified that could help physicians target depression case finding for pregnant women. Introduction T he post-partum period is a high-risk time for development of major depressive episodes. Two systematic reviews have found that 7%–13% of women will experience a serious episode of postpartum depression (PPD).1,2 Women who experience PPD have an increased risk of future depressive episodes and resulting functional impairment.3,4 PPD has been shown to adversely affect maternal functioning and is a risk factor for poor mother–infant bonding, subsequent delayed child developmental milestones,5–7 and child and adolescent mental health disorders.8,9 Several systematic reviews have examined risk factors for development of PPD.1,2 Risk factors found to be associated with moderate to high risk of PPD include depression or anxiety during pregnancy, stressful life events, low levels of social support, previous history of depression, and the personality factor of neuroticism.1,2 Pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia, premature labor, and other labor-related complications were associated with significant but lower level of risk in most studies.1 Markers of lower socioeconomic status such as unemployment and lower educational attainment have also been associated with significant but lower risk of PPD.1,2 1 2 The systematic reviews found that a limitation of the literature was that few studies included the full wide range of potential risk factors for PPD, such as sociodemographic factors; prepregnancy medical illness; health risk behaviors such as smoking, drug and alcohol use; depression history prior to and during pregnancy; psychosocial stress; intimate partner violence during pregnancy; pregnancy-related complications such as gestational diabetes and pregnancy-related hypertension; and adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and fetal death.1,2 The purpose of this study was to examine a wide range of socio-demographic factors, health risk behaviors, depression history, prepregnancy medical illness, pregnancy-related illnesses, and birth outcomes as risk factors for PPD. Materials and Methods Participants in this study were women receiving prenatal care at the University Obstetrics Clinic between January 2004 and June 2011, who delivered at the University of Washington Hospital. The university’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic and Obstetrics Inpatient Service have linked electronic records. Questionnaires assessing mood and other important sociodemographic, medical, and behavioral information were Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. University of Washington School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington. 753 754 introduced as a quality improvement initiative in January 2004.10 All women receiving obstetrical care and completing at least one survey during their second or third trimester as well as at 6-week postpartum follow-up were eligible for the study. Women presented to this tertiary care clinic at different pregnancy trimesters, and therefore, some had only one questionnaire completed during pregnancy and others had two (i.e., 4- and 8-month questionnaires). Clinic staff were responsible for screening patients with the survey questionnaire and once completed, obtaining written informed consent to link medical records with survey results. Given the nature of a busy, urban obstetrics clinic, staff were unable to get a small percentage of questionnaires completed. Exclusion criteria included being < 15 years of age at the time of delivery or inability to complete the questionnaire due to language difficulty or mental incapacity. All procedures were approved by the University of Washington Human Subjects Institutional Review Board. Study variables and measures The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms during the second or third trimester and postpartum.11 A continuous PHQ-9 severity measure was used as an independent variable. When questionnaires were filled out at both 4 and 8months, the mean PHQ-9 score was used. A PHQ-9 of ‡ 10 was utilized as the main outcome variable to define significant depressive symptoms at the post-partum visit. A PHQ-9 of ‡ 10 has been found in obstetrics and gynecology (Ob-Gyn) patients to have the highest sensitivity (73%) and specificity (98%), compared to a structured psychiatric interview diagnosis of major depression. Information about antidepressant (AD) use in pregnancy was obtained from the self-report questionnaire.11 Self-report of AD use in pregnancy has been found to have high concordance with pharmacy records.12 Sociodemographic information on age, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, and employment, as well as general health history, health risk behaviors, social history, and psychosocial stressors were collected during either the second or third trimester. Chronic medical problems prior to pregnancy were screened for with a standard list that included hypertension, diabetes, asthma, thyroid disorders, migraines, arthritis, seizure disorders, heart failure, cancer, and other heart disease. Tobacco status was assessed using the SmokeFree Families prenatal screen that was developed to screen for smoking during pregnancy.13 Women with any current smoking were classified as smokers. Diagnosis of pregnancy-induced/gestational hypertension was based on outpatient and inpatient physician International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnoses of 642.3, 642.4, 642.5, 642.6, and 642.7, respectively.14 Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was determined by a physician ICD-9 diagnosis of 648.8 in the outpatient or inpatient medical record.15 GDM is clinically defined as glucose intolerance with the first recognition or onset in pregnancy;16 therefore, this diabetes category could potentially include women with previously unrecognized type 2 diabetes. The Prenatal Psychosocial Profile Stress Scale is an 11item self-report scale that measures perceived current hassles and stressors.17 Women indicate the extent to which each KATON ET AL. item is a current hassle or stressor on a 4-point Likert scale [1 (no stress) to 4 (severe stressor)] with a range of 11 to 44. It has been shown to have high reliability and validity in pregnant populations. The three-question Abuse Assessment Screen has been validated in pregnant patients as a sensitive and specific screen for intimate partner violence.18 Each item is rated as ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no,’’ and the percentage of women with at least one measure of intimate partner violence was described. The revised four item alcohol screening questionnaire, the T-ACE (Take [number of drinks], Annoyed, Cut-down, Eye-opener), was employed to assess use of alcohol during pregnancy. The T-ACE modification of the alcohol screening questionnaire, the CAGE (Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eyeopener), substitutes the guilt question with an alcohol tolerance question.19 The T-ACE has been found to outperform obstetric staff assessment of alcohol use by pregnant women.19 Women with any use of alcohol during pregnancy were identified with the T-ACE. Offspring birth weight, gestational age at birth, and fetal death were obtained from study participants’ computerized medical records. Low birth weight was based on a gestational weight threshold of 2,500 g. Pre-term birth was determined as less than 37 weeks of completed gestation. Statistical analyses We selected the study sample from the entire screening sample (N = 3,039). The 1,423 women whose data were included in the study were compared with the 1,616 women who were excluded based on missing key data on baseline demographic and clinical variables using Fischer exact tests and t-tests. Due to significant inclusion group differences, non-response propensity scores were created using baseline variables (demographics, medical conditions, health risk behaviors, pregnancy variables, and depression). The inverse of the probability of not responding was used to weight our regression analyses. We compared baseline variables for the women with and without PPD (having a postpartum PHQ-9 score ‡ 10) using Fischer Exact tests and t-tests. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used to predict the odds of PPD. We first examined the unadjusted association between prepregnancy PHQ-9 scores and PPD. In the next model, we added demographic variables and reevaluated the odds for prepregnancy depression. The third model contained the demographics and medical conditions. The fourth model added health-related behaviors to the model, and the fifth model added pregnancyrelated variables. Lastly, we calculated a final model predicting PPD, including all odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for all the predictor variables. Because an increase of five points on the PHQ-9 is associated with significant clinical change,20 we recalculated the odds of PPD based on pregnancy PHQ-9 total scores formed by creating groups with five-point intervals, adjusting for all other study variables. Lastly, we conducted a sensitivity analysis by examining the final model without the use of the propensity weights. Results A total of 3,039 women were screened either at four months or eight months (or at both time periods) of pregnancy. Of these, 1,515 women were excluded due to lack of a PREDICTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION postpartum assessment (the vast majority of these women attended post-partum visits at clinics closer to their homes rather than the university high-risk obstetrics clinic); 84 were excluded due to only filling out the 8-month questionnaire which had no questions on medical history and 17 were excluded due to lack of data on birth outcomes (preterm labor or low birth weight), leaving a study sample of 1,423. Univariate analyses comparing the pregnancy data for those women who were and were not included in this study revealed significant group differences. Those women not eligible for this study were slightly younger ( p < 0.001, although the difference in means was only 1.3 years), less likely to be college educated ( p < 0.001), and more likely to be single ( p < 0.001), non-white ( p < 0.001), and unemployed ( p < 0.001) than the women included in the study sample. In addition, ineligible women reported being slightly more depressed ( p < 0.003), 0.5 difference on PHQ-9), were more likely to have a baby die ( p < 0.01), and less likely to 755 have GDM ( p < 0.006) or preeclampsia ( p < 0.02) than those women retained for analysis. Due to these differences, we created nonresponse propensity weights utilizing the variables in Table 1, and have applied these weights to our regression analyses. Table 1 displays the descriptive data for the groups with and without PPD. A total of 6.7% of women had a PHQ-9 score of ‡ 10 during pregnancy, and 5.8% had a score of ‡ 10 at the postpartum check. Women with PPD reported significantly more depressive symptoms during pregnancy than women without PPD. In addition, women with PPD were significantly younger, less likely to be married, less educated, and more likely to report being unemployed than women without PPD. In terms of medical conditions, women with PPD in comparison with women without PPD reported higher rates of diabetes, migraines, and a trend ( p = 0.06) for hypertension and neurological conditions (0.07). Women with PPD were more likely to report current smoking, taking an Table 1. Descriptive Data for Women With and Without Post-Partum Depression (PPD) Variablesa mean (SD) or percent (n) Pregnancy PHQ-9 Total Scoreb Pregnancy PHQ-9 ( ‡ 10)c Pregnancy minor depression PHQ-9 (5–9)c Ageb Racec White African American Hispanic Other Marriedc At least some collegec Unemployedc Total sample N = 1,423 PHQ-9 (0–9) no PPD n = 1,340 Depression 3.4 (3.4) 3.1 (3.1) 6.7 (95) 4.9 (66) 4.4 (62) 4.1 (55) Demographic variables 31.5 (5.9) 31.7 (5.9) 73.8 (1006) 74.1 (953) 5.6 (76) 5.4 (70) 4.6 (63) 44 (56) 16.0 (218) 16.1 (207) 89.4 (1257) 90.5 (1197) 85.5 (1200) 86.6 (1143) 40.1 (564) 38.7 (511) Prepregnancy medical conditions Asthmac 10.7 (152) 10.4 (139) Diabetesc 7.3 (104) 6.9 (92) 7.2 (103) 7.0 (93) GI disordersc 4.7 (67) 4.5 (60) Heart conditionsc Hypertensionc 6.6 (94) 6.3 (84) Migrainec 14.1 (200) 13.2 (176) 2.0 (28) 1.8 (24) Neurological conditionsc 7.0 (99) 6.8 (91) Thyroid problemsc Health-related behaviors 5.5 (78) 4.0 (53) Current cigarette smokingc Taking an antidepressantc 7.0 (100) 6.2 (83) 14.1 (201) 14.3 (190) Drinking alcohol during pregnancyc 2.5 (36) 2.3 (30) Intimate partner violence during the past yearc Stress total scoreb 14.3 (3.4) 14.0 (3.1) Pregnancy-related variables GDMc 20.7 (294) 20.7 (278) Preeclampsiac 21.2 (301) 20.6 (277) Low birth weightc 11.5 (164) 10.8 (145) Preterm birthc 15.0 (214) 14.2 (190) Fetal deaths 0.35 (5) 0.37 (5) a PHQ-9 ( ‡ 10) PPD n = 83 p Value from t-test or Fisher’s Exact test 7.8 (5.3) 34.9 (29) 8.4 (7) 0.0001 0.0001 0.09 28.5 (6.3) 0.0001 68.8 7.8 9.1 14.2 72.3 68.7 63.9 (53) (6) (7) (11) (60) (57) (53) 0.17 15.7 14.5 12.0 8.4 12.0 29.6 4.9 9.6 (13) (12) (10) (7) (10) (24) (4) (8) 0.14 0.02 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.0001 0.07 0.37 30.5 20.5 11.6 7.2 18.3 (25) (17) (11) (6) (4.9) 0.0001 0.0001 0.54 0.02 0.0001 19.3 28.9 22.9 28.9 0 (16) (24) (19) (24) (0) 0.89 0.10 0.002 0.001 1.0 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Only a mean of 2.7% of the model variables were missing. Mean (standard deviation [SD]). Percent (n). GI, gastrointestinal; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PPD, post-partum depression. b c 756 KATON ET AL. AD [women taking an AD had higher PHQ-9 scores than women not treated with ADs: PHQ-9 = 6.1 (4.5) versus 3.1 (3.2), p < 0.001], being a victim of intimate partner violence in the past year, and had higher stress scores than women without PPD. The percentage of women with GDM and preeclampsia during the pregnancy did not differ between the depression groups. However, having an infant with low birth weight or having a preterm birth were both significantly more prevalent in the women with PPD. There were five fetal deaths, all in women without PPD. Table 2 presents the logistic regression results. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for PHQ-9 scores assessed during pregnancy was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.21– 1.29). The addition of the demographic variables and medical conditions did little to change this result. The addition of the health-related behaviors minimally reduced the odds to 1.10 (1.05–1.15). The addition of the pregnancy-related variables did not change the odds ratio. Therefore, there is a 10% increase in the odds of reporting PPD for every one-point increase in PHQ-9 score assessed during pregnancy. A clinically significant five-point increase in PHQ-9 scores assessed during pregnancy resulted in a 70% increase in the odds of PPD [OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.34–2.16, p = .0001], after adjusting for all the demographic, medical conditions, health-related behaviors, and pregnancy-related variables. The final model in Table 2 shows the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for all included variables. In addition to depression, women with PPD were significantly more likely to be younger, to be unemployed and to have prepregnancy diabetes and neurological conditions, to be smokers; to report using Ads, and Table 2. Risk Factors Associated with Post-Partum Depression Model Unadjusted total PHQ-9 score assessed during pregnancy Total PHQ-9 Score assessed during pregnancy adjusted for demographic variablesa Total PHQ-9 Score assessed during pregnancy adjusted for demographic variablesa and medical conditionsb Total PHQ-9 Score assessed during pregnancy adjusted for demographic variables,a medical conditions,b and health-related behaviorsc Final multi-variable model Total PHQ-9 Score assessed during pregnancy Demographic variablesa Age White race Married Some college Unemployment Prepregnancy medical conditionsb Asthma Diabetes GI disorders Heart conditions Hypertension Migraines Neurological conditions Thyroid problems Health-related behaviorsc Current cigarette smoking Taking an antidepressant Drinking alcohol during pregnancy Intimate partner violence within the past year Stress total score Pregnancy-related variablesd GDM Preeclampsia Low birth weight Preterm birth Odds ratio (95% CI) for total PHQ-9 Score (1 point) p Value 1.25 (1.21–1.29) 1.22 (1.18–1.26) 0.0001 0.0001 1.21 (1.17–1.25) 0.0001 1.10 (1.05–1.16) 0.0001 1.10 (1.05–1.15) 0.0001 0.94 1.01 1.14 1.18 1.50 (0.91–0.97) (0.69–1.48) (0.73–1.77) (0.77–1.82) (1.02–2.21) 0.0001 0.95 0.58 0.44 0.04 0.61 1.98 0.74 1.92 0.70 1.40 2.37 0.70 (0.37–1.00) (1.12–3.52) (0.42–1.32) (0.98–3.79) (0.39–1.25) (0.93–2.11) (1.12–5.02) (0.34–1.46) 0.05 0.02 0.31 0.06 0.23 0.10 0.02 0.34 2.84 2.23 0.46 0.53 1.14 (1.80–4.48) (1.35–3.68) (0.24–0.90) (0.24–1.13) (1.09–1.19) 0.0001 0.002 0.02 0.10 0.0001 0.68 1.43 1.38 1.07 (0.40–1.13) (0.95–2.17) (0.79–2.43) (0.64–1.81) 0.13 0.09 0.26 0.79 The above analyses are propensity weighted. a Demographic variables: age, race, marital status, education, unemployment. b Prepregnancy medical conditions: asthma, hypertension, diabetes, neurological condition, heart condition, GI condition, thyroid problems, migraines. c Health-related behaviors: current cigarette smoking, taking an antidepressant, any domestic violence in the past year, drinking alcohol during pregnancy, and stress total score. d Pregnancy-related variables: GDM, preeclampsia, low birth weight, and preterm birth. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. PREDICTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION to endorse more stress and less alcohol use during pregnancy in comparison with the women without PPD. For our sensitivity analysis, we ran the same complete model without the propensity weights. The significance and odds ratios for all the variables were similar for the propensity weighted and unweighted models, except for four variables which became nonsignificant: unemployment ( p = 0.37), asthma ( p = 0.41), neurological problems ( p = 0.31), and alcohol consumption during pregnancy ( p = 0.18). These variables were less robustly associated with PPD in the weighted model, and all four of these varia ... Purchase answer to see full attachment

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