Expert answer:Homo habilis
Expert answer:Approved Fossils for ResearchArdipithecus ramidusHomo habilisAustralopithecus anamensisHomo georgicusAustralopithecus afarensisHomo erectusKenyanthropus platyopsHomo ergasterAustralopithecus africanusHomo antecessorAustralopithecus garhiHomo heidelbergensisAustralopithecus sedibaHomo neanderthalensisAustralopithecus aethiopicusHomo floresiensisAustralopithecus robustusSahelanthropus tchadensisAustralopithecus boiseiOrrorin tugenensisPlease pick one of these topic for making your powerpoint!!!!!!BackgroundPrimate fossil finds relate to human evolutionary process. There are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary. These consist of single bones and isolated teeth and more rarely, complete skulls and skeletons. Fossils yield loads of information but interpreting and understanding the data is complex. Fossils are usually arranged in temporal sequences and approximate ages are determined by radiometric and/or incremental dating techniques. Species designations represents current consensus and are sometimes reclassified when evidence indicates they should. Most hominin fossils are not considered direct ancestors of Homo sapiens but are closely related to direct ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the human lineage.Instructions1. Conduct any necessary research and gather all materials and information to complete the assignment.2. Lay out and design each page of your documet to make sure you include all the required items.3. Remember to concentrate on conveying visual information as well as text.4. Follow the format – piece together the pages of your project as detailed below:page 1: cover page – introduce your hominin fossil by taxonomic name- include a picture of a sample fossil- include your name and the class information at the bottom of the pagepage 2: location- identify where this type of hominin has been discovered- include a map showing the locationspage 3: age & range- identify the approximate age of this fossil- determine how large the global sample is of this hominin species- how many fossils have been recovered?page 4: origins- who discovered this hominin? – identify the researcher(s) and their background- explain if they were scientists, locals, tourists, etcpage 5: dating methods- describe the dating techniques used to establish the age of the fossil- describe how the dating technique workspage 6: identifying features- list the diagnostic features that define your hominin fossil as a distinct species- identify the estimated body weight, height and ambulatory method for this species- detail the estimated cranial capacity of this species and compare to modern humanspage 7: images- include images of the fossil species you are researching- these may be a large number of a small handfulpage 8: controversy- detail any controversy that stems from the taxonomic classification of this species- there may be none for your specimens but check to be sure- some fossil hominins have been renamed, include other names yours are known by- not every fossil species has multiple names but most dopage 9: chronology- find an image of a chronological chart of human evolution and mark your species- you can surf the net or copy one from the textpage 10: sources- list all the sources you used to acquire information for this project.- include the complete URLs, not search engines- remember to include sources for images, complete URL’sSuggestions & Reminders:Follow the instructions carefully – strive for best practices. Sloppy, substandard, and incomplete work will not be awarded full value. You must cite a minimum of three sources where you acquired information (wikipedia is not a college-level source and does NOT count as one of the three).– design each page for best effect, using high contrast– use clear crisp fonts, images, and maps (don’t be sloppy)– organize your data with titles and captions * Don’t forget to look at the sample project!RUBRIC:When grading your projects, I will be looking at the details and the overall finished results of your work. Pay attention to the instructions. Omitted items and incomplete data will cause points to be deducted. The following breakdown illustrates how I will assess your Fossil Profile project.+10 / -10 Fossil is introduced by taxonomic name and a photo is included.+10 / -10 Map of where this type of fossil hominin specimen is found.+10 / -10 Age (and or range) of fossil hominin specimen is provided.+10 / -10 Dating technique identified and explanation of the methodology is included.+10 / -10 Diagnostic features of this hominin species are annotated.+10 / -10 Global sample size of this hominin species has been identified.+10 / -10 Hominin species has been marked on chronological chart of human evolution. +5 / -5 Finished project has professional finish and polished appearance +25 / -25 List of sources are annotated and appear correct
fossil_profle_sample.pdf
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Homo sapiens sapiens
(anatomically modern humans)
Anatomically modern humans are classified as
Homo sapiens sapiens and are part of the
subspecies of Homo sapiens to which all modern
humans belong.
The term for modern humans is Homo sapiens
and translates from the Latin as “wise man.”
This human genus also includes Neanderthals
and other extinct species of hominins. H. sapiens
is the only surviving species and the other
extinct Homo species are considered archaic
forms. Modern humans are the subspecies
Homo sapiens sapiens.
Sample Fossil Profile Project
ANTH 1 – Physical Anthropology
(farther back in time)
Order: Primates
Sub-order: Haplorrhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes/Simians
Parvorder: Catarrhini
Super-family: Hominoidea
Family: Homonidae/Hominids
Sub-family: Homoninae
Tribe: Homonini
Genus: Homo
Species: homo sapiens
Sub-species: homo sapiens sapiens
(recent in time)
Winter Quarter 2018
Modern humans are
found darn near everywhere….
Although primarily an equatorial
species, modern humans have spread
into almost all environments. Capable
of using cultural tools to survive in
extreme habitats, large populations of
modern humans occupy the more
temperate zones of the globe.
Increasing population density in
impacted areas is forcing growth into
less-habitable environments.
8 billion & growing !
How old are Homo sapiens sapiens?
Anatomically modern humans appeared on the scene almost 200,000 years ago but the
species we identify as our own is more recent. The differences between our own morphology
and that of our immediate ancestors is minor and in some cases indistinguishable. That’s one
of the reasons there is some disagreement about when the break actually occurred. If we look
at the range of variation that exists in today’s population it can be argued that what we
recognize as “different” in those archaic population could be nothing more than the extreme
edge of the spectrum. Problematic as this seems professional researchers have concentrated
on a date of around 50,000 years ago.
Interestingly, this date of 50K corresponds with another event which is seen as being significant in the history of our species and that
is the expansion of our brains. The cranial capacity of hominins grows steadily along numerous branches of the family tree but
somewhere around 50,000 years ago there is a jump in behavioral change. We begin to see evidence of behavior that is familiar
because it reflects our own thought process and values today. This evidence centers on intentional burial, healing practices, food
acquisition, tool industries, and the production of objects such as beads, carving and painting that demonstrate an interest in
abstraction.
Right now this ushers in the modern era and the modern human.
The global sample for this species is huge…
This isn’t surprising since it is the most recent branch of the family tree and includes all of us and our relations.
Statistically speaking the human species can double its population within a 25 year period…although this doesn’t
occur because of all the related disease, death, and variance in birth and death rates. We are fast outstripping the
environments in which we’ve been comfortable for lengthy periods of time.
One of the most adaptable features modern humans possess is the ability to survive in a wide range of climactic
conditions and a large variety of environments. In part this is due to our being biocultural animals. The value of our
cultural behaviors and practices is what sustains our species in the face of being far less successful in the biotic
community than many others.
Who discovered
Homo sapiens sapiens?
This example is sort of difficult for modern humans because this is our extant species and until recent
centuries was the only recognized member of the hominin family. There isn’t any single individual who is
credited with the study of modern humans but here are several who have made interesting contributions to
our understanding of speciation.
Charles Darwin
A naturalist by training, Charles was one of the first to posit the idea that species had changed
over time and found evidence to support his ideas in various environments.
Alfred Russell Wallace
Another naturalist who believed that not only do species derive from
earlier forms but are also influenced by environmental factors –
addressing both evolution and natural selection in his observations.
Gregor Mendel
A monk, Gregor observed that plants produced offspring in specific ratios when crossed with
particular types. Through years of experimentation he was able to demonstrate that parent
traits were recombined in offspring and pioneered research into genetic inheritance.
Dating techniques used to determine
age of Homo sapiens sapiens…
Many dating techniques are used in determining the age range of
anatomically modern humans. The radiocarbon dating method is
the most common but since the dates become less certain the
farther back in time we go, by around 60,000 years +/- 4,000 the
C14 dates have a large propensity for error. In order to correct this
discrepancy other techniques like AMS (accelerator mass
spectometry) are used and extend the measurable dates back to
about 100,000 years. The nice thing about AMS dating is that it requires a much
smaller sample and destroys far less of the archaeological materials.
Beyond the threshold of 100K we rely on other chronometric
methods such uranium-thorium dating and correlations with
speleothems, as well as a large variety of other techniques
which rely primarily on specific needs and availability.
There is an interesting possibility for using genetic
material in the form of DNA in the future to
determine relationships between existing populations and prehistoric
antecedents.
The diagnostic features of
Homo sapiens sapiens include:
All people today are classified as Homo sapiens sapiens. Our species of humans first
began to evolve nearly 200,000 years ago in association with technologies not unlike
those of the early Neanderthals. It is now clear that early modern humans did not
come after the Neanderthals but were their contemporaries. It is
likely that both modern humans and Neanderthals descended
from Homo heidelbergensis.
Compared to the Neanderthals and other late archaic humans, modern humans generally have more
delicate skeletons. Their skulls are more rounded and their brow ridges generally protrude much
less. They rarely have the occipital buns found on the back of Neanderthal skulls. They also have
relatively high foreheads and pointed chins.
Analysis of the human genome has revealed a
wealth of information about our evolution, about
patterns of historical migration and population
movement, and about the relationships between
humans and other primate species. Recent technological developments have
allowed the extraction of Neanderthal DNA from fossil bones for the first time,
shedding more light on how Homo sapiens came into being and helps shine light
on the range of genetic evidence for human evolution.
Average cranial capacity for anatomically modern humans is 1400cc.
Images of modern
Homo sapiens sapiens…
Even though the modern human species is very consistent,
there are many variations in the spectrum and you can see
some of those differences in these samples.
Controversy about
Homo sapiens sapiens –
The only real controversy surrounding modern humans has to do with the contrary positions taken by paleoanthropological
specialists in determining where the division line exists between archaic populations and anatomically modern ones. Besides that
there is also the ongoing philosophical discussion between points of view regarding evolutionary biology and creation
perspectives.
In the final analysis, keep in mind that all humans around the world today are biologically
quite similar despite our superficial differences. In fact, we are nearly 99.9% genetically
identical. Most of the differences between us are due to our unique individual traits and being male
or female. Compared to many other kinds of animals, there is remarkably little variation within our
own species. There is 2-3 times more genetic variation among chimpanzees, 8-10 times more
among orangutans, and thousands of times more in many insect species. Most biological
anthropologists would agree that human variation is not now sufficient to warrant defining separate
biological races, varieties, or sub-species. However, it very likely existed in our prehistoric past.
diversity.
In order to better understand the true patterns of human variation, biological
anthropologists have gathered detailed data about genetically inherited traits. Most
of this work has been done with blood typing, but DNA sequence comparisons are
now providing an even more detailed understanding of our human biological
Homo sapiens sapiens are also known as – modern humans.
This is us…
A Chronology of Hominin Evolution
& Homo sapiens sapiens place –
My Sources about
Homo sapiens sapiens –
•
•
•
•
•
African Lucy
http://www.greatdreams.com/africa
n-lucy.htm
The Fossil Record of Human
Evolution
http://yakkstr.com/posts/705-Thefossil-record-of-human-evolution
The Basics of Evolution
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/evolut
ion/EvolMorphol.htm
Prehuman Ancestry
http://www.answers.com/topic/fossil
-humans
Talk Origins Archive
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hom
s/specimen.html
•
•
•
•
•
•
Archaeology Information Forum
http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/sku
llpage.htm
Anthropology Tutorials at Palomar
http://anthro.palomar.edu/hominid/
Default.htm
Hominin Archives
http://hominin.net/
Archaeology Info Online
http://archaeologyinfo.com/homosapiens/
The Evolution of Anatomically
Modern Humans
http://smj.sma.org.sg/5006/5006ra1.
pdf
Neanderthals
http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_
neand.htm
…
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