Expert answer:History/Government

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History | U.S. Government & Politics | Journal | Demographic Factors and You
Journal
Demographic Factors and You
Look at the demographic factors that influence your own political opinions.
(5 points)
1. Complete the charts below.
About me:
Age Gender
18
Male
Score
Family (How many members?
What do they do for a living?)
Region
Race/Ethnicity
7 members
Some work in Companies, some
study in School, some waiting
for job.
South
America
White/Hispanic
Issues that interest me and the demographic factors that shape them:
Issue
My opinion
Demographic factors affecting
my opinion
(5 points)
2. What demographic factor is most important to you when you look at an issue? Why?
© 2013, 2009 K12 Inc. All rights reserved.
Copying or distributing without K12’s written consent is prohibited.
Score
Page 1 of 2
History | U.S. Government & Politics | Journal | Demographic Factors and You
(5 points)
3. Is it a good thing that demographic factors influence political opinions? Explain.
Score
(5 points)
4. Is it possible to have a completely objective opinion on an issue? Explain.
Score
Your Score
© 2013, 2009 K12 Inc. All rights reserved.
Copying or distributing without K12’s written consent is prohibited.
___ of 20
Page 2 of 2
History | U.S. Government & Politics | Unit Test | Political Beliefs and Behaviors
Name:
Date:
Unit Test
Political Beliefs and Behaviors
(10 points)
1. Describe how voting changed in America from the early days to the present.
Score
Answer:
(10 points)
2. How do demographic factors affect the way people in the United States view political
questions? List three factors, and give examples of opinions they might affect.
Score
Answer:
(10 points)
3. Describe the history of opinion polling in the United States, and give an example of a
presidential election in which opinion polling failed.
Score
Answer:
(5 points)
4. What are the three most important things to notice about an opinion poll?
Score
Answer:
Your Score
© 2013, 2009 K12 Inc. All rights reserved.
Copying or distributing without K12’s written consent is prohibited
___ of 35
Page 1 of 1
INFORMATION
Expansion of Voting
Have you ever heard someone say, “One vote doesn’t make a difference” or “I don’t care about
politics” or “There aren’t any real choices and politicians are corrupt anyway”? Sure you have. But
those statements spur questions like these: If you’re not involved, how can you change things? And
what can one person do?
The primary way most Americans participate in government is by voting. The questions of who gets
to vote, and how, and when, have been important to American government from the very beginning.
The right to vote is called suffrage. In the colonial period and in the early American republic,
suffrage was usually limited to white men who owned property. That changed as political
understanding grew and as women and minority groups learned how to fight for their rights.
In this activity, you’ll look at the history of suffrage and see how the thinking about voting rights
has changed in the United States.
Voting Before the Constitution
In colonial times, in order to vote, you had to own property and pay taxes. In most places, this also
meant that you had to be male, white, and over a certain age. In some colonies, voting was also
restricted
by
religion.
Voting was part of the reason why the colonists fought the American Revolution—do you agree
with
Parliament
or
the
Americans?
The understanding in colonial times was that those responsible for the economic well-being of a
colony should decide how the colonies were run. Therefore, women (who were viewed as part of
their husbands’ or fathers’ households), children, enslaved people, and indentured servants had no
vote.
Parliament in Great Britain took a different view. It believed that the mother country was the
primary stakeholder of the colonies. This disagreement led to the Revolution and to a new
understanding of voting rights. Once the door had been opened, there was no going bac
Voting Under the Constitution
In 1787, representatives from 12 of the 13 original colonies met in Philadelphia and drafted the
Constitution of the new United States. It was ratified in 1789. Among the many powers the
Constitution reserved for the individual states was deciding on suffrage.
Typically, the states adopted the old colonial model—voting was limited to white men over 21 who
owned property and paid taxes; sometimes there were religious requirements, too.
One by one, the states abolished the property, tax, and religious requirements. By 1830, all white
male adults in the United States could vote.
Click New Jersey to learn how New Jersey accidentally gave women the vote.
Constitutional Amendments Expand Suffrage
Over the years, a number of amendments have been made to the Constitution to expand the
franchise
to
more
Americans.
The
amendments
below
pertain
to
voting.
•
•
•
•
•
The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) prohibited the states from denying voting rights because
of race or previous condition of servitude.
The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) gave women the right to vote.
The Twenty-third Amendment (1961) gave citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to vote
in national elections.
The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) prohibited a poll tax.
The Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
The Constitution is a living document. Several of the amendments concern voting rights.
Constitutional Amendments Expand Suffrage
The Fifteenth Amendment was adopted after the Civil War because it was felt that an amendment
was needed to ensure voting rights for freed male slaves.
The Twenty-third Amendment gave the people of Washington, D.C., the right to vote for the
president. Before that, because the capital was not a state, people who lived in the seat of the federal
government had no say in electing their leader.
The struggle to expand voting rights for many groups of Americans was long and difficult.
Click Experience to read about the experience of voting.
Suffrage for African American Men
At the end of the Civil War, three amendments were added to the Constitution. The Thirteenth
Amendment banned slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment made the former slaves citizens of the
United States, and the Fifteenth Amendment gave male citizens of any race or color the right to
vote.
In the defeated South, particularly, many people resented the new rights of the former slaves. The
U.S. government had placed the former Confederacy under martial law until it proved it was ready
for republican government. This program was known as Congressional Reconstruction.
Northerners who supported giving African Americans the right to vote feared that others would
work to deny former slaves voting rights, so the Fifteenth Amendment was passed to expressly
grant them voting rights.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
—U.S. Constitution, Fifteenth Amendment, Section 1
Suffrage for African American Men
The first African American vote in the South was an important moment. Harper’s Weeklymagazine
devoted its cover to the four groups who formed the new political alliance. Can you find four facts
in this image?
Hover over the people in this illustration for more information.
Women’s Struggle for Suffrage
When the Fifteenth Amendment, which would give African American men the right to vote, was
being drafted, women petitioned to be included in the extension of voting rights but were turned
down. Some western territories, such as Wyoming and Utah, granted women the right to vote as
early as 1869, but most women in the United States had to wait until the Nineteenth Amendment
was ratified in 1920 to cast their first ballot.
Progressive Reform
Between about 1890 and 1920, American politics was dominated by the Progressive movement, a
loosely organized reform effort led by people who believed that society could be and must be
improved.
Progressives came largely from the middle class and from both major political parties. They worked
to increase the political power of the people and to clean up government.
The Progressive movement achieved many reforms in various areas of society. In politics, they
generally supported the expansion of democracy through woman suffrage; the direct election of
senators; and recall, referendum, and initiative. But some Progressives supported restrictions on
voting among immigrants and the poor, and the movement failed to take up the cause of racial
equality.
In the South, laws, voting restrictions, threats, and violence had disenfranchised most African
Americans by the turn of the century. This was a step backward from Reconstruction.
Continuing Struggles in the Twentieth Century
Despite constitutional amendments guaranteeing the right to vote, limits on suffrage continued.
Throughout the twentieth century, many people worked to prevent “unreliable” citizens from
voting. It was one thing to have the right on paper but another to find a way to get around the
obstacles that politicians placed in the way of voters.
One such obstacle was the poll tax. Another was the literacy test given to prospective voters, who
had to prove they could read. To allow “safe” white voters to avoid the poll tax or literacy test, there
was sometimes a grandfather clause—if your grandfather was eligible to vote, so were you. So
African Americans whose grandfathers had been enslaved weren’t eligible to vote.
The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution (1964) made the poll tax illegal, but abuses of
voter rights continued. It took a concerted effort by such organizations as the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People and the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965 to ensure
safe passage to the polls for all. In the 1970s, the right to vote was extended to young people.
In the 1960s, the Southern Freedom Movement worked for voting rights for all Americans. Marches
like this one in Washington, D.C., declared the Movement’s commitment.
Hanging Chads and Complicated Ballots
The 2000 presidential election made history when it took a month to count all the votes and
required a Supreme Court decision to settle.
The main problem was with the Florida ballots. Different counties had different styles of ballots. In
particular, the so-called butterfly ballot used in Palm Beach County seemed to favor President Bush.
For weeks, thousands of voting officials attempted to recount the ballots. One problem was how to
count “hanging chads,” pieces of paper that were punched out of some of the ballots.
The Supreme Court finally voted to end the Florida recount, and candidate Al Gore conceded the
election victory to George W. Bush.
As a result of the election confusion, Congress passed the Help America Vote Act in 2002. The Act
is designed to simplify the voting process and to help poorer counties get electronic voting
machines.
This butterfly ballot was used in Palm Beach County, Florida, in the 2000 presidential election.
Thousands of voters punched the second hole on the card, thinking they had selected the second
candidate on the left .
Let Youth Speak Out.
Before 1971, the minimum voting age was 21.
During the Vietnam War, young people began to agitate for the vote. After all, if an 18-year-old boy
could be drafted and sent to kill and perhaps be killed, why couldn’t he vote?
In 1971, the Twenty-sixth Amendment gave the voting franchise to all Americans 18 and older.
Nearly half of 18- to 24- year-olds voted in the 1972 presidential election. Believe it or not, that’s a
fairly high turnout in the United States. The percent of young people voting declined in the years
after the passage of the Twenty-sixth amendment, and the percentage of young people who vote has
remained consistently lower than the percentage of people over 65 who vote.
In 1971, the Twenty-sixth Amendment gave the vote to all Americans 18 and older. The youth vote
changed American politics.
Ignored, Not Implored
Why don’t young people exercise their right to vote? Voting requires effort—the effort to learn
about the issues, listen to the candidates, register, and, above all, show up on election day.
After the 1970s, politicians began to ignore the youth vote. But in recent elections, politicians are
once again paying attention to the needs of young people.
Candidates have begun using media and messaging targeted at young people. In 2004 and 2008, the
youth vote increased to nearly 50 percent, but that still doesn’t compare with older voters. Seventytwo percent of voters aged 65 to 74 voted in 2008.
Many young people maintain that they don’t vote because it doesn’t matter. They say politicians
don’t listen to them anyway. But voting is a fundamental responsibility of citizenship. It is also the
best way to get politicians to pay attention. If they know you are likely to vote, they will listen and
respond to what you have to say.
The suffragist Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) is such an important figure in American history that
she has been honored by having her image on $1 coins.
She was a civil rights leader who fought to gain women the right to vote. In her lifetime, she
traveled thousands of miles and gave hundreds of speeches.
In 1872, Susan B. Anthony voted in the presidential election. She was arrested and put on trial for
casting an illegal vote.
At the trial, Anthony made a strong defense of women’s rights as citizens, but the jury didn’t even
get to decide—the judge directed them to vote guilty. Susan B. Anthony was ordered to pay a fine,
but she never did—and the government never collected.
Women didn’t get the vote until 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment was passed.
A Letter from Jail
Use the information below to get some context for your reading. Then click Susan B. Anthony to
read Anthony’s letter.
The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution gave African Americans the right to vote. Susan B.
Anthony and other women claimed that, because the Constitutional amendment didn’t mention
gender, they—as citizens—should have the right to vote, too.
Susan B. Anthony voted on November 7, 1872. The election officials, some of whom were on her
side, permitted her to vote. But 11 days later, she was arrested.
On election day, Anthony wrote a letter to her friend and fellow suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
As you read the letter, try to imagine the excitement of taking such a bold move.
Becoming a Party Animal
A political party is an organization of people with similar views and goals. They get together to try
to get their candidates elected to office.
The major American parties—the Democrats and the Republicans—are well established and well
organized. There are other political parties in the country, too, called third parties.
Americans don’t have to be old enough to vote to become involved in party politics. Parties have
organizations for teens—usually with the word young in the title—to help the young get started in
the political process.
Giving Money, Time, and Talent
Raising money is important to political parties. So is getting the message out—letting the public
know what the vital issues are. People who want to be involved can donate money to their favorite
cause. They can also participate in events; for example, join a march or attend a rally or protest.
Or, they can become a volunteer and work to get other people to act—ring doorbells, pass out
flyers, handle the phones, or any of a number of other activities. Volunteers are the people who
make political organizations work, and volunteers can be any age.
Although canvassing can be hard work—people can be abrupt or even rude when they’re
interrupted—it can also be rewarding.
Taking Action in Your Community
In general, what concerns you most in the world? Economic problems? The environment?
Immigration? Any or all of these issues might be reasons to back a political party.
But what about local issues? Is the city planning to knock down a historic building or build a
highway through your favorite park? What about recreation in your neighborhood?
Chances are, somebody wants to do something about a local issue—and you can join in.
Skateboarding in the city of brotherly love is an example. Once banned, citizens are trying to restore
the privilege. Even Ed Bacon—actor Kevin Bacon’s dad and a former city planner—supported
skateboarding in famous LOVE Park.
Get People Together
Scott Kip, the president of the Skateboard Advocacy Network in Philadelphia, was one of the key
organizers in the LOVE Park skateboarding petition. Through his efforts, the city paid for the
design of a new skate park and secured $1 million to help maintain the existing LOVE park when
skateboarding is allowed there again. Kip’s organization currently donates all proceeds to the
current FDR park located on the outskirts of the city.
Read what Kip has to say about a key thing to remember when becoming politically active.
Expressing Your Views
Another way of getting involved politically is to communicate with people in public office. If you
don’t know who they are, then find out
•
•
•
Who they are.
What they’re doing.
Where they can be reached.
Most political offices today, from the school board to the White House, have websites. You don’t
have to go farther than your computer to find their contact information.
Don’t know what to think? Study the issues. Use your news sources—the Internet, TV, and radio. If
you have a particular issue at heart, join a listserv. Listservs often provide information on how to
contact leaders about specific proposals.
Don’t know what to say? Just be polite, and be specific: Explain what your interest is and what you
would like to see happen.
Don’t be discouraged if you get a form letter back; elected officials are busy people. But remember
that your opinion counts.
Making Yourself Heard
There are many ways in which Americans can express their views publicly. They can put bumper
stickers on their cars, for example. They can also wear pins and T-shirts, and put decals on their
bikes, offering free advertising for the causes of their choice.
Another way is by participating in public opinion polls and surveys. They can vote on websites,
adding their voice to the voices of others. This kind of voting isn’t binding like true voting is, but it
helps give politicians a measure of public opinion.
One popular way to express an opinion on an issue is by writing to a local newspaper. A good letter
to the editor should be short, thoughtfully reasoned, and to the point. A well-written letter on a
subject that concerns most readers may end up published.
Making Yourself Heard
Attending rallies and peaceful demonstrations is yet another way people get the word out about an
issue. Not all demonstrations are protests; a demonstration can be a show of support or a way to
draw attention to a subject.
Participate!
Americans find many ways to become involved in politics, from national issues to the local scene.
Every day, people write their Congressional representative, pop a check in the mail to their favorite
advocacy organization, tack a bumper sticker on their car, or volunteer to go door to door.
Some of these activities might not be open to people who are not of voting age. For instance, they
might not be permitted to go canvassing.
But they can be informed, and they can begin to express their opinions on matters important to
them.
Your Political IQ
Test your political IQ by matching the names of political actions with their description.
Click circles on the left and drag to circles on the right to create matches. Correct matches stick and
turn green.
Election campaigns—they create a lot of advertising on television and junk up the neighborhood
with
political
signs
everywhere,
right?
Elections.
Who
needs
them?
Can yo …
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