Expert answer:Health Campaign–Part III
Expert answer:Develop Part III of a health campaign to implement a change in population health. Part III focuses on recommendations for implementing and assessing the proposed change.Present an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation proposing a population health campaign for your chosen health issue.Recommend the implementation of a campaign for your chosen issue to improve population health addressing social, economic, and cultural factors.Recommend approaches, such as programs, policies, laws, and environmental aspects, to assess the health and wellness of the target population.Determine the challenges related to improving the population health for the target population. Examine global implications, environmental factors, and disease prevention.Provide a summary of useful epidemiology or other data models managers may use to make decisions on the ground and to anticipate future trends.Determine strategies to address future issues of population health.Use at least 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar articles to support your recommendations.Include detailed speaker notes.Provide an APA-formatted list of your resources to the faculty.The Bolded section is the only section that I need help with, I need Just two Slides with detailed Speaker notes. I have attached the last two parts of this project as reference.
wk3_team_a_health_campaign_part_one.docx
team_a__week_5_health_campaign_ii_final.docx
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Health Campaign Part One
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there is a vast increase in opioid-related
overdoses in recent years with more than a 6% increase in one year (Balas, 2016). Progress toward
strategies for drug control is continuing and is a constant debate between state, federal, and local
agencies. Models and data systems are in place within health care entities to determine and analyze the
prescription drug overdose impact on the population and the community most affected by this issue.
Monitoring the prescription drug overdose impact among the targeted population and community
provides trends and risk assessment information that is useful in managing the aspects of drug abuse. The
accuracy of this data must be able to support the reasons behind public health interventions improving.
Although, prescription drug overdose is only one of many epidemics affecting communities in various
areas the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign will shed light on prevention, as well as the
misuse and abuse of prescription drugs.
Managing and Addressing Prescription Overdose
Several agencies are responsible for managing and addressing the epidemic of prescription
overdose and abuse. At the State level, policymakers understand the abuse of prescription drugs is
increasing and hopes that the pharmaceutical industry would do more to develop medications that would
fill the treatment gap between prescribed drug abuse users particularly opioids, ibuprofen, and
acetaminophen. However, there was no incentive in either bill for drug companies to help fill in that void,
so the State is proceeding with solving this issue other ways. Congress put in place a program with
Medicaid and Medicare that allows patients to use a single prescriber and pharmacy (Balas, 2016).
Congress also addresses and manages this epidemic through prescription drug monitoring programs that
are effective at preventing drug abuse, diversion, and saves costs for Medicaid (Hendrikson, 2016). Not
all state agencies need funding but instead requires improvement within their program, and this is where
the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign can be useful in shining light on those
organizations that are not doing as well as others. At the local level pharmacists are addressing and
managing prescription drug overdose by educating themselves on the requirements for a valid
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prescription. A prescription for a controlled substance must meet all the needs of the law and regulations
put in place by both federal and state.
Vital Statistics, Managed Care Data, Disease Registries
Electronic prescribing is a workflow modeling and analysis that is used to prevent prescription
overdose. This system has five stages of prescribing. The first reflects a paper-based prescribing
environment which can be phone or fax. Second, medication information captured in free text is digital,
but a prescription is handwritten. Stage three, the medication lists and renewals are generated from the
EMR for patients. The fourth phase is where the system maintains a medication list for all the patients.
Stage Five, systems include enhanced patient-specific alerts, allows nurses to access a list of medications,
and offers assistance re-dosing on the basis patient-specific criteria. Stage six is full circle prescribing and
is used without paper in between that involves generation of prescription, pharmacist’s renewal of request
and syncing of medication with regional repositories to better clinical decision support.
At first, the idea of outpatient prescribing is simple: a clinician records a prescription, a
pharmacist fills it, and the patient takes it. The workflow is often not straightforward. One person may act
in more than one role, one role may be taken on by many individuals, activities may be done by many
individuals or providers, and the workflow can change depending on how the patient’s medical status is
improving over time.
Community and Targeted Population Objectives
The community/ target population that prescription drug overdose most adversely affects
according to recent research polls by the National Institute on Drug abuse (NIDA, 2016), are from (age 18
to 25). This group is identified as the most prominent, “abusers of prescription (Rx) opioid pain relievers,
ADHD stimulants, and anti-anxiety drugs” as per (NIDA, 2016). Within 12 months the statistics have
grown to include older adults (Brodwin,2017), of the Business Insider (BI), also included adults in 2017,
the group ranged from, “45-54 had the highest death rate from a drug overdose at 30 deaths per 100,000.”
Results from NIDA, mentions several reasons for experimentation of prescription drugs. With
many Young Adults, a reason for using the legal drugs are too, “get high, or because they think it will
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help them study better.” The study highlights that in 2014 over 1,700 (YA) died from a prescription
overdose, mainly opioids.
The BI, user’s information provided by the Center for Disease and Control (CDC), drug overdose
deaths in the U.S. from 1999 – 2015, citing that there are at least two areas that have grossly changed, the
drug use involved and the age category. The choice of the drug is heroin, and the age group moved from
young adults to slightly older adults. Brodwin, (2017) also states, “In the last 16 years, more than 183,000
Americans have died from overdoses related to prescription opioids”.
The statement includes heroin as a prescription opioid because many people, (physicians, nor
patients) know that some legally prescribed opiate narcotics are pharmaceutical-grade heroin produced in
a laboratory. ARPO is an acronym for Advocates for the Reform of Prescription Opioids has researched
prescription “painkillers” which have a high similarity to heroin. The assumption is that prescribe
medicine are safe because they are legally prescribed by their physician or by a pharmacy, as per ARPO,
“Legal does not mean safe,” (2017).
Epidemiologic Surveillance Systems
Prescription and dispensing of prescribed medication are facilitated by the state prescription and
monitoring program (PDMP). The program assists in preventing diversion of drug use which helps to
address the issue of drug overdose risks and improve health outcomes. PDMP has significantly facilitated
safer drug prescription and dispensing and has reduced drug diversion. Some of the best practices for
PDMP include an epidemiological analysis which assists in surveillance of drug abuse, evaluation
prevention methods. The program provides the prescription history reports of an individual and others
also produce data analyses relating to prescription drugs. The impact of PDMPs is enhanced by the
dissemination of this data which identifies the patient, the prescriber, and the dispenser’s information.
Geographic and time data from the PDMP can be analyzed to provide insight into the trends of legal and
illegal use of prescription drugs which is vital in the surveillance of drug abuse.
Application of epidemiology tools and methods in substance and alcohol abuse offer data patterns
which are a representative of the whole population. Numerous resources have been channeled towards
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tracking trends in substance abuse and its long-term complications, organizations that have taken this
initiative include the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute of Drug
Abuse and the Services Administration for Mental Health and Substance Abuse (Dart et al. 2015). One of
the relevant continuing descriptive studies on drug abuse is the Monitoring the Future survey. The survey
provides information on substance abuse trends among adolescents by use of a questionnaire.
Epidemiology Tools in Addressing Trends in Disease and Health
Public health agencies would benefit in reviewing different methods and tools to fix the
prescription drug abuse problem the United States faces. One of the tools used is education. Providing
physicians and other healthcare providers the knowledge needed for certain trends and adverse effects on
controlled substances. It would also be beneficial to suggest alternate medications in place of the
controlled substance. Epidemiological surveillance would benefit the overprescribing of patient’s
controlled substances (Epidemiology and Surveillance, 2016). This surveillance process allows
researchers to analyze data to understand the impact of health risks, individual behaviors, preventive care
practices, and the burden of chronic diseases to assess the continuity of public health programs while
providing health professionals and policymakers with timely information for validity (Epidemiology and
Surveillance, 2016). Another epidemiology tool would be prevention. When a provider is aware of a
patient that may be at risk of habitually taking controlled or uncontrolled substances they could likely put
a process or procedure in place that would allow for early intervention or alternative methods to assist
with the pain that the patient may be facing (Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, 2013). Chronic
disease indicators would also benefit providers to address prescription overdose. It allows health
professionals and researchers employed under the CDC access to data that informs of chronic diseases
and other risk factors that would alert health care providers of the misuse of controlled and uncontrolled
prescribers and patients who take the medications.
Accuracy of Data to Support Public Health Interventions
Any work requires accurate data to achieve precise feedback. Health intervention is an important
aspect that helps in the introduction of new or improved gadgets and systems in health work. They are x-
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rays, and PASS system platform for the management of digital care aid in the treatment of various
diseases. (McLellan & Turner, 2008). The Pass system, for example, helps individuals to view their
medical records, and create responses. The information needs to be accurate to reflect correct analysis to
the various users. Accurate data helps public health organizations to appropriately plan on how to
intervene on health issues among the members (Desai, Pain medicine, 2005). Community planning also
shares with other interventions. Successful means for actualizing intervention at the systems and
community level of practice, for example, identification and specification of the areas of concern,
describing the targeted population, and putting into considering implications of demography, are related
to the first step in community organization. Community organizing will frequently use social marketing
as an intervention when it is changing health behavior of a population. The organizing community is also
actualized in hand with the development intervention policy, mainly when planning intent is to adjust
strategy at the systems level.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, the prescription drug overdose epidemic is not a one resolution outcome. The
models and systems in place for this national health objective offers a gateway to understanding the risks
and challenges among the targeted populations. Each organization and health professional is responsible
for maintaining the data systems and guidelines that are in place to recognize the efforts needed to
provide better outcomes for at-risk patients. The standards and regulations are set in place by federal,
state, and local agencies and made public so that the community and affected populations know of the
programs and campaigns currently helping to lower the many lives lost to this epidemic.
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References
Advocates for the Reform of Prescription Opioids., (2017). Prescription Opioid Narcotics and Heroin.
Retrieved from http://www.rxreform.org/prescription-opioids/similarities-to-heroin/
Barlas, S. (2016). Congress and Federal Agencies Address Opioid Abuse Epidemic, But Will New
Initiatives Be Successful? Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 41(8), 488–491.
Brodwin, E., (February 28, 2017). Deaths from opioid overdoses have jumped — and one age group is
being affected at stark rates. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/opioid-overdosedeath-statistics-2017-2016
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain
relievers—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 60(43),
1487.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a
US epidemic. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(1), 10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids
among Medicaid enrollees-Washington, 2004-2007. MMWR: Morbidity and mortality weekly
report, 58(42), 1171-1175.
Dart, R. C., Surratt, H. L., Cicero, T. J., Parrino, M. W., Severtson, S. G., Bucher-Bartelson, B.,
Green, J. L. (2015). Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United
England Journal of Medicine, 372(3), 241-248.
&
States. New
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Enteen, L., Bauer, J., McLean, R., Wheeler, E., Huriaux, E., Kral, A. H., & Bamberger, J. D. (2010).
Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco. Journal of
Urban Health, 87(6), 931-941.
Epidemiology and Surveillance. (2016, April 20). Retrieved from CDC Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coordinatedchronic/epidemiology-surveillance.html
Hedegaard, H; Warner, M., and Miniño, A.M., Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2015.
NCHS Data Brief No. 273, February 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db273.htm
Hendrikson, H. (2016, February). Prescription for Pain Management 10 State Strategies. In National
Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from
http://www.ncsl.org/documents/health/PainManagement216.pdf
National Institute of Drug Abuse., (February 2016). Abuse of Prescription (Rx) Drugs Affects Young
Adults Most. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trendsstatistics/infographics/abuse-prescription-rx-drugs-affects-young-adults-most
Paulozzi, L. J., Kilbourne, E. M., & Desai, H. A. (2011). Prescription drug monitoring programs and
death rates from drug overdose. Pain Medicine, 12(5), 747-754.
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.astho.org/Rx/BrandeisPDMP-Report/
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Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid
overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of
1323.
Transplantation, 16(4),
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Health Campaign II
A significant factor in the 15-year increase in opioid overdose deaths is drugs like
oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone. The first two decades of the 21st century marks an
epidemic that has claimed the lives of more people in the United States than gun violence, heart
disease, or Alcohol abuse. By the end of the 20th century, the number of deaths linking opioids
(counting prescription opioids and heroin) has risen four times the national average. “From 2000
to 2015 more than half a million-people died from drug overdoses. 91 Americans die every day
from an opioid” as stated by the Centers for Disease Control (2017).
We are proud to Introduce the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign
(PDOAC). This movement will allow the models and systems in place for this national health
objective a gateway to understanding the risks and challenges among the targeted populations.
Partnering with various agencies to ensure proper data communication systems are in place, and
healthcare initiatives are ready to proceed with a full campaign that will rely on the state and
local agencies to share the message and resources.
Targeted Population Defined at the Nation Level and Comparing Data Differences
At the national level, The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that
the abuse of opioid-related overdose in the recent years has had an increase with the target
population at the national level also increases. According to the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, the federal target population of the opioid-related overdose at the national level
comprise mainly of the young people who aged between the age of 18 and 25. The increase in
use among young people according to national statistics shows that the usage is the perception
that the use opioid stimulates the body to give it extra energy vital for their education. According
to National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), people who are addicted to opioids such as heroin
adversely affect their health.
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Comparing the target population at the national level and that of the defined community
there is a slight difference on the identified users of opioid-related prescriptions. In traditional
society, both the young adults and old people abuse opioid drugs and suffer from its
consequences such as death. The young people in the defined community are mainly abusers of
the opioid-related prescriptions because they are obsessed with the feeling of getting high just
like any other drug addicts. The older population in the defined community who are also victims
of opioid-related drugs, abuse the drugs mainly after getting a medical prescription for these
drugs when they are ill. After their dosage, they form a habit of taking the pain relievers which
were earlier prescribed for them whenever they experience any mild or severe pain in their
bodies. The continued usage of opioids related substances results to addiction which eventually
may result in a drug overdose. Most of these adults in the defined community are between the
ages of 45 to 54. Therefore, there is the need to sensitize members of the public against the
health hazards that may result from the abuse of opioid-related drugs. The opioid substances
should also be limited to the target population both at the national level and defined community
as a strategy for reducing the health hazards (Smit, Laar & Wiessing, 2006).
State and National Differences in Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality
The national level mortality rate has shown a continuous increase in 2015 as 91
Americans die every day from an opioid overdose (CDC, 2015). National research has provided
understanding that the overdoses from 2000-2015 of more than half a million people are due to
prescription opioids. The misuse and abuse of it are also potential dangers. Every day over 1,000
people visit hospital emergency rooms because of the misuse of prescription opioids.
At the state level, the data for mortality rates are determined by age and all opioids from
2010 to 2015. The results found to double over time. The results are not exclusive because at
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time of death the individuals may have had multiple substances in their system at the time of
overdose. However, in the United States, 30 states have shown a considerable increase in drug
overdose deaths, while 19 remain stable with decreasing trends followed by increases in two
countries (Rudd, Seth, Scholl, 2016). 22,598 prescription opioid overdose deaths were
documented throughout the United States.
The prevalence is among males although data is showing an increase in women as well.
Individuals below age 65 are affected mostly by this epidemic and as young as 15 have been
found to be addicted as well. The incidence of an individual becoming addicted to a prescription
drug varies and include several factors. The factors could be social acceptability by their peers
and family members to mix various types of opiates or aggressive marketing by pharmaceutical
companies (Rudd, Seth, Scholl, 2016). The drastic increase of prescribed pain relievers like
opioids can lead to such incidences as well making it more available to individuals to get not
only for themselves but from other family members as well. The opiate itself mixed with the
brain systems is the same as taking heroin or morphine, and a person who has no addictive traits
has the possibility of developing one when taking opioids and …
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