Expert answer:Geographic Research in Scholarly Journals
Expert answer:the descriptions are attached below. it will be best if you write about aviation pollution. ( how the airplanes affect the environment )
example_of_author_year_in_text_citations.doc
exercise_4_geographic_research_in_scholarly_journals_fall_2017.docx
how_to_find_scholarly_journal_articles.docx
scholarly_journals_msumankato.pdf
suggestions_for_reviewing_journal_articles.docx
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Geog. 100 Sec. 01, 03, 40
Fall 2017
Elements of Geography
Example of (Author Year) In-Text Citations
MSU-Mankato
Schmid
Soil Development
Hans Jenny (1941; 1980) identified five major independent variables that control the
way the soil in a given ecosystem will develop. Each soil profile and its chemical and physical
characteristics can therefore be thought of as a function of the processes resulting from the
interaction of the five major soil forming factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and
time.
The extrinsic variables of climate, parent material, time, topography, and organisms
form the heart of soil formation. Muhs (1984) was one of the first geographers to point out that
intrinsic thresholds can be more important than the widely accepted extrinsic factors in
controlling soil instability. Intrinsic variables are those internal variables involved within the
development of a soil profile, including the translocation of materials such as clay particles,
organic matter, and carbonates. Thresholds in soil development are similar to thresholds in
other sub-fields of geomorphology (Schumm 1979). A pedologic threshold is reached when soil
development is interrupted by intrinsic changes in soil morphology, chemistry, mineralogy, or by
a change in one of the extrinsic soil-forming factors (Muhs 1984). For example, translocation of
materials within the soil profile usually proceeds downward, developing horizonation through
the processes associated with water movement due to gravity. If either carbonates or clays
accumulate to a degree great enough to impede the downward movement, the entire
translocation process may take on a horizontal, or even upward component.
Johnson and Watson-Stegner’s (1987) model of soil development addresses the
complexity of soils through a dual path of soil development. Their model recognizes that soils
may develop progressively with the formation of distinct horizons, while at other times soils
may develop retrogressively as changes in the geomorphic environment lead to a
Geog. 100 Sec. 01, 03, 40
Fall 2017
Elements of Geography
Example of (Author Year) In-Text Citations
MSU-Mankato
Schmid
homogenization of the soil profile rather than to horizonation. Any one soil can alternate
between progressive and retrogressive development, recording the changes in geomorphic
processes within the soil’s profile as a type of stratigraphic history.
Soils and Vegetation
Research in the Rocky Mountains of North America and the European Alps documents
that tree invasion of alpine tundra is linked to episodes of warmer temperatures (Kearney 1981;
Weisberg and Baker 1995; Tinner, Ammann, and Germann 1996; Ammann et al. 2000; Yu and
Wright 2001). Many researchers believe that conifers do not reproduce by seed production in
this extreme tundra environment, but rather are restricted to vegetative reproduction
(Weisberg and Baker 1995; Cairns and Malanson 1997). Individual tree seedlings can only
establish during periods of more favorable climatic conditions.
References Cited
Ammann, Brigitta, H. J. B. Birks, Stephen J. Brooks, Ulrich Eicher, Ulrich von Grafenstein,
Wolfgang Hofmann, Geoffrey Lemdahl, Jakob Schwander, Kazimierz Tobolski, and Lucia
Wick. 2000. Quantification of biotic responses to rapid climatic changes around the
Younger Dryas—a synthesis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology159,
nos. 3-4: 313-47.
Cairns, David M., and George P. Malanson. 1997. Examination of the carbon balance hypothesis
of alpine treeline location in Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography 18, no.
2: 125-45.
Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
_______. 1980. The soil resource. Origin and behavior. Ecological Studies 37. New York:
Springer-Verlag.
Johnson, D. L., and D. Watson-Stegner. 1987. Evolution model of pedogenesis. Soil Science 143,
no. 5: 349-66.
Kearney, M. S. 1981. Late Quaternary vegetational and environmental history of Jasper National
Park, Alberta. Ph.D diss. University of Western Ontario.
Muhs, Daniel R. 1984. Intrinsic thresholds in soil systems. Physical Geography 5, no. 2: 99-110.
Geog. 100 Sec. 01, 03, 40
Fall 2017
Elements of Geography
Example of (Author Year) In-Text Citations
MSU-Mankato
Schmid
Schumm, S. A. 1979. Geomorphic thresholds: the concept and it applications. Transactions of
the Institute of British Geographers 4: 485-515.
Tinner, W., B. Ammann, P. Germann. 1996. Treeline fluctuations recorded for 12 500 years by
soil profiles, pollen, and plant macrofossils in the central Swiss Alps. Arctic and Alpine
Research 28, no. 2: 131-47.
Weisberg, Peter J., and William L. Baker. 1995. Spatial variation in tree seedling and krummholz
growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A.
Arctic Research and Development. 27, no. 2: 116-29.
Yu, Z. C., and H. E. Wright. 2001. Response of interior North America to abrupt climate
oscillations in the North Atlantic region during the last deglaciation. Earth Science Reviews
52, no. 4: 333-69.
GEOG 100 Sec. 01, 03, & 40
Out-of-Class Exercise
Due: Monday, November 20th
Elements of Geography
Geographic Research in Scholarly Journals
Exercise 4
MSU-Mankato
Fall 2017
Schmid
This exercise is designed to introduce you to the wealth of information available through
research publications in scholarly journals. For this assignment you will focus on a geographic topic, but
remember that regardless of your major, your discipline publishes research in scholarly journals. This
aspect of library research should become invaluable to the rest of your career! So, learn and enjoy!
Additional handouts on D2L to support this exercise include:
✓ Scholarly Journals MSU Mankato
✓ How to Find Scholarly Journal Articles
✓ Suggestions for Reviewing Journal Articles
What you will learn from completing this exercise:
• The difference between a peer-reviewed scholarly research journal and commercial magazine
publications.
• How to search for topics in the MSU electronic library databases.
• How to use references cited in journal publications.
What you will do to complete this exercise:
You will locate, review, and summarize two separate publications:
First, find a professional research (scholarly) journal article that presents research on some
geographic topic that has been published between 2016-2018. This is your primary article.
Second, locate one of the sources cited in your primary research article.
1) Summarize the research presented in your primary article. In your own words describe the main
points. This can include such things as unique methodologies, new theories, results, discussion of
controversy, etc. What did they do, where, and why? Be specific! See the D2L handout on
Suggestions for Reviewing Journal Articles if you are not sure how to approach an article review.
2) In addition to your summary, list at least two questions that you have about your primary article.
These could include basic assumptions that you don’t understand or don’t believe; or questions
about the methodology or any theories or results generated by the author(s).
3) Summarize how your second source supports or relates to the primary article? Why did the
author(s) choose to cite this source in their work?
4) Be sure to include a complete reference list of your primary article and the second source you
discuss. Be sure to use (author year) in-text citations throughout your summaries to distinguish
between your two sources.
5) Attach all of the following to the back of your summary pages:
a) A pdf copy of the first page of your primary reference. This first page should include the
abstract, title, and authors of your 2016-2018 research article.
b) A pdf copy of the reference list from your primary article showing the complete reference for
your second source.
Do NOT print these pages from any type of article summary format—you need to download a pdf
version of the article and print from that!
c) A copy of the first page of your second source. The format for this will depend on what type of
source you pick. If you pick another journal article, it will need to be a pdf copy. If you pick a
book cited by your primary article, you will need to make a photocopy of the book’s first page. If
you choose an on-line source, you will need to print a copy of the webpage.
GEOG 100 Sec. 01, 03, & 40
Out-of-Class Exercise
Due: Monday, November 20th
Elements of Geography
Geographic Research in Scholarly Journals
Exercise 4
MSU-Mankato
Fall 2017
Schmid
Background Information and Requirements
The article that you choose must be published in a refereed (scholarly, peer reviewed) research
journal. Articles submitted for publication in refereed journals are reviewed by other scholars and are
subject to revision or rejection. This process attempts to insure that only reliable, high quality research
results are published.
✓ If you are unsure on how to search for an article, see the D2L handout on Scholarly Journals
MSU Mankato and How to Find Scholarly Journal Articles, come to office hours, or ask the
MSU Memorial Library reference librarians for help.
Commercial magazines and trade journals are not suitable for this assignment. Commercial
magazines such as National Geographic, Scientific American, and Geo World pay their staff or hire guest
writers. Even though these magazine articles may contain good scientific information, they are not
subject to the rigorous process of peer review.
✓ If the article does not have references cited within the text and a list of these cited
references provided at the end of the article, it does not fulfill the requirements of this
assignment.
✓ If the source you are using includes numerous color glossy photographs, chances are it is a
commercial magazine, not a research journal. Please check with me, or a librarian, if you are
not sure about your source.
✓ This link will take you to a tutorial about scholarly research publications:
http://libguides.mnsu.edu/content.php?pid=202797&sid=1775732
You should also be aware that many professional journals contain portions that are not research
summaries. Your article cannot be an editorial, a book review, or any other general article review. Again,
if you are not sure about what you have found, please ask for help.
Format Details
No page limits, but you should have a minimum of two double-spaced pages, a 500 word minimum,
plus your attachments. Use the proper required format for all Fall 2017 GEOG 100 exercises and
turn in a printed copy by November 20th.
Grading Criteria (25 pts):
Appropriate format and content
Detailed summary of your 2016-2018 primary article (#1 & 2)
Discussion of source cited in your primary article (#3)
Complete bibliography and citation of all sources used (#4 required format)
Copy of first page of 2016-2018 article (#5a)
Copy of 2016-2017 reference list with second summary citation (#5b)
Copy of the first page of your second source (#5c)
3 pts
7 pts
4 pts
5 pts
2 pts
2 pts
2 pts
25 points
Geog. 100 – Sec. 01, 03, & 40
Fall 2017
Elements of Geography
How to Find Scholarly Journal Articles
MSU-Mankato
Schmid
Geography Topics
You will need to think of a topic that relates to something geographical. It can be something we
have talked about in class, a geographic topic you are studying in another class, or some other
geographic topic you are interested in learning more about. If you have a project in another
class that includes a geographic component, you can use this exercise to find a research article
that relates to your project.
How to Search
You search for scholarly professional research journal articles just like you search for any other
topic online—you just need to conduct the search within an article database. A general web
search (like a Google™ web search) usually is not an efficient way to access scholarly research.
You will need to find an article that gives you access to the full text, so MSU Memorial Library
article databases are your best choice. If you do not already have a favorite MSU article
database, you can access MSU’s Memorial Library online databases through either of the
following library links in the left-hand menu on the library’s homepage:
Article Databases A-Z
Class & Subject Guides
Article Databases A-Z (Alphabetical)
This works best if you already know the name of the database you want to use.
Class & Subject Guides
Check the different disciplines covered and choose one of their suggested databases.
For this exercise you may want to use Geography and Earth Science, or one for your
discipline/major.
Note: If you are working from home, or another non-university connection, you will be asked to
log-in as an MSU user. Use your normal MSU login, and this will identify you as a paid
subscriber to those databases.
Examples of online MSU databases (available through Article Databases A-Z) for geographic
research include:
Academic Search Premier
Biological Sciences
Environment Index
GeoRef
GeoScienceWorld
ScienceDirect
Taylor & Frances Online
Wiley Online Library
Geog. 100 – Sec. 01, 03, & 40
Fall 2017
Elements of Geography
How to Find Scholarly Journal Articles
MSU-Mankato
Schmid
Another good MSU Library search option is to use the MavScholar search on the
library’s home page. You can search for your topic through MavScholar just like you would
conduct a web search. Once you have entered your search term, you can use the left-hand
menu to narrow your search to peer reviewed journal articles.
If the search engine or database you are using does not provide full text articles or direct
links to full text sources, use the Journals List search option on the MSU Library home page.
Type in the title of the journal (spelled correctly with no abbreviations) and it will tell you which
MSU library databases carry that particular journal (see the screen capture below):
To locate a specific journal in MSU’s Memorial Library article databases,
✓ go the library home page
✓ select the Journals List option
✓ type in the title of the journal you want to locate
lib.mnsu.edu
Scholarly-Popular-Trade
Journals
Journals and magazines are important sources for up-to-date information in
all disciplines. With a periodical collection as diverse as Memorial Library’s,
it is often difficult to distinguish between the various levels of scholarship
found in the collection. This guide has divided the criteria for periodical
literature into three categories.
Scholarly Journals…
are written by scholars or researchers in the field
cite sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies
are also called research-based, peer-reviewed, or
refereed journals
are often text-based, sometimes with graphs and
charts, but with few glossy pages or pictures
Popular Magazines…
are usually very short and journalistic in style, written
designed for the average reader
often glossy and attractive in appearance with many
photographs
rarely cite sources. Information published is often
secondhand and the original source is sometimes
obscure.
Trade Journals…
are published by commercial enterprises, professional
associations, or educational groups
are often written by an editorial board, a scholar or a
free lance writer
are geared toward specific audiences such as brokers,
teachers, or executives
Differentiating between
Scholarly-Popular-Trade Journals
Sometimes a journal or magazine cannot be defined by one or two features
nor do all features have to be present to make it a “scholarly” journal. Look
for a majority of the traits listed above.
If in doubt, ask your instructor or a librarian.
SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
NOTES
AUDIENCE
PAGE
LENGTH
ADS
Includes notes and/or
bibliography
Written for experts,
shows research
Usually more than 5
pages
Few or none; if any,
advertising books and
other “scholarly” items
Mostly text and charts
LOOK
LOCATION
EXAMPLE
TITLES
Usually only available
in a library
MAGAZINES
TRADE JOURNALS
Few references or no
bibliography
Written for average
reader
Often includes footnotes
or bibliographies
Written for readers in a
specific trade or field of
study
Often less than 5 pages Often less than 5 pages
Many, often in color
Glossy, many pictures
often in color
Title can be found at
newsstand or grocery
store
New England Journal of Newsweek, Maxim,
Medicine, Journal of
Time, Good
Modern History
Housekeeping
Many, but focus toward
companies rather than
the average consumer
Maybe in glossy,
magazine format,
although some are in
newspaper format.
Usually only available in
a library or specialty
stores
Variety, Publisher’s
Weekly, Business
Weekly
This document can be made available in alternative format to individuals with disabilities
MINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, MANKATO- LIBRARY SERVICES
PO Box 8419, ML 3097 Mankto, MN 56002-8419
Phones 507-389-5952(v) 800-627-3529 (MRS/TTY) FAX 507-398-5155
lib.mnsu.edu
MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity University
Last Updated: 1/13/2009
S:instructionInstruction Publicationsperiodicals.doc
Geog. 100 Sec. 01, 03, 40
Fall 2017
Elements of Geography
Suggestions for Reviewing Journal Articles
MSU-Mankato
Schmid
If you are not sure how to review and summarize a professional research article, the following
guidelines might help to organize your thoughts for your review summary.
Remember that reviewing an article does not mean you can plagiarize it! Do NOT copy any
portion of the text into your review. The purpose of a review is to learn new information and
analyze what the authors did in completing their research. You need to summarize what you
have learned in your own words!
**Do not expect that you will be able to understand every single aspect and detail of academic
research publications! Even experts in the same research area will often extract only portions of
these publications for their own use. Focus on the parts you do understand. You should expect to
be introduced to new vocabulary and concepts. That is what learning is all about. You do not have
to summarize everything in the article, but you should be able to identify some important
concepts and conclusions.**
The following suggestions have been adapted from:
Paul, Richard and Linda Elder. 2007. The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking: Concepts and Tools.
Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.
Consider the following while reading and reviewing your chosen articles:
(To consider something does not mean you should copy and paste these suggestions directly into your summary!)
1. What is the main purpose of the article?
2. What is the key question the authors are trying to answer?
3. What is some of the more important information presented by the authors?
4. What are the main conclusions?
5. What key concepts did you need to learn to understand this article (new
vocabulary, etc.)?
6. What implications or applications do you think this research could have?
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