Expert answer:Food Justice

Expert answer:attached is the discussion instructions as well an article required. please respond substantively and utilize the chapter readings and the provided article to support claims.
discussion_2_instructions.docx

hilmers_article__discussion_2_.pdf

Unformatted Attachment Preview

The purpose of this discussion is to offer you the opportunity to debate the issue of food justice
and food deserts. Food deserts are significant issues in poorer neighborhoods in the United
States. In many of these neighborhoods, the only access to food is through local convenience
stores or fast food restaurants. This severely limits the options for the poor to have access to
fresh, wholesome food and has been evidenced as a key reason for the obesity epidemic in the
United States. This issue is encompassed in the overarching topic of food justice, which also
highlights public access to genetically modified or organic foods and the issues of equal access
to positive food options in light of public health and social inequality. Prepare and post a
response to the following prompt:
Read the Hilmers article, Neighborhood Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods and Their
Effects on Environmental Justice. Assume that your town is a food desert and you would like to
do something about it. Prepare an argument to present to your local town council that outlines an
idea to offer healthy food options to your town. Use at least one ethical theory or perspective to
support the moral or ethical reasoning for why this program should be implemented.
Must be a minimum of 250 words in length. Utilize the reading material and article to support
your claims.
GOVERNMENT, LAW, ANO PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE
Neighborhood Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods
and Their Effects on Environmental Justice
Angela Hilmers, MD, MS, David C. Hilmers, MD, MPH, and Jayna Dave, PhD
Environmental justice is
concerned with an equitable
distribution of environmental burdens. These burdens
comprise immediate health
hazards as well as subtle inequities, such as limited access to healthy foods.
We reviewed the literature
on neighborhood disparities
in access to fast-food outlets and convenience stores.
Low-income neighborhoods
offered greater access to food
sources that promote unhealthy eating. The distribution of fast-food outlets and
convenience stores differed
by the racial/ethnic characteristics of the neighborhood.
Further research is needed
to address the limitations
of current studies, identify
effective policy actions to
achieve environmental justice, and evaluate intervention strategies to promote
lifelong healthy eating habits, optimum health, and
vibrant communities. {Am
J Public Health. 2012;102:
1644-1654. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2012.300865)
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE HAS
been defined as
fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless
of race, ethnidty, income, national
origin, or educational level in
the development, implementation,
and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations,
and poUdes.’*”
Fair treatment signifies that “no
population, due to policy or economic disempowerment, is forced
to bear a disproportionate exposure to and burden of harmful
environmental conditions.” ” P ”
The concept of environmental
justice, which has its roots in the
fight against toxic landfills in economically distressed areas, can be
similarly applied to the inequitable
distribution of unhealthy food
sources across socioeconomic and
ethnic strata.’ The neighborhood
environment can help promote
and sustain beneficial lifestyle
patterns or can contribute to the
development of unhealthy behaviors, resulting in chronic health
problems among residents.^”‘* The
higher prevalence of obesity
among low-income and minority
populations has been related to
their limited access to healthy
foods^”‘® and to a higher density
of fast-food outlets and convenience stores where they live.*”^”^’
These environmental harriers to
healthy living represent a significant challenge to ethnic minorities
and underserved populations
and violate the principle of fair
treatment
Several studies have investigated disparities in the distribution
of neighborhood vegetati
the proximity of residences to
playgrounds,^” and the
accessibility of supermarkets and
grocery stores,^”’^® but fewer
have examined access to fast-food
outlets cind convenience stores as
a function of neighhorhood racial
and socioeconomic demographics.
To our knowledge, our review is
the first to expand the focus of
environmental justicefi-omenvironmental hazards and toxic exposures to issues of the food environment by examining research
on socáoeconomic, ethnic, and racial disparities in neighborhood
access to fast-food outlets and
convenience stores.
METHODS
We reviewed studies of differences in accessibility of fast-food
outlets and convenience stores
by the socioeconomic and radal/
ethnic characteristics of neighborhoods. With the assistance of
an experienced health science
librarian, we conducted searches
in the MEDLINE, PubMed,
PsycINFO, EBSCO Academic
Search Premier, and Scopus
databases. Key words were “neighborhood deprivation,” “food
environment,” “food sources,” “fastfood restaurants,” “convenience
stores,” “bodegas,” “disparity,” “inequality,” “minorities,” “racial/
ethnic segregation,” and “sodoeconomic segregation.” We induded
only original, peer-reviewed
studies published in English
1644 1 Government, Law, and Public Health Practice | Peer Reviewed | Hilmers et al.
between 2000 and 2011. Comments, editorials, dissertations,
conference proceedings, newsletters, and policy statements were
excluded. We also excluded
studies that focused on methods
and measurements, did not examine socioeconomic or racial/
ethnic characteristics of the
neighborhood, or used schools
as a proxy for neighborhood
environment.
Our search identified 501
unique citations; after detailed
inspection, we selected 24.
The primary reasons for exclusion were irrelevant outcomes
or comparisons (n = 316), focus on dietary behavior (n = 96),
and methodology studies
(n = 65). We defined fast-food
outlets as
take-away or take-out providers,
often with a ‘drive-thru’ service
which allows customers to order
and pick up food from their cars;
but most also have a seating area
in which customers can eat the
food on the premises (http://
www.merriam-webster.com).
Examples of fast-food outlets
were fast-food restaurant chains,
take-away or carry-out establishments, and small local fast-food
businesses. We defined convenience stores as
retail stores that sell a combination of gasoline, fast foods, soft
drinks, dairy products, beer, dgarettes, publications, grocery
items, snacks, and nonfood items
American Journal of Public Health | September 2012, Vol 102, No. 9
GOVERNMENT, LAW, AND PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE
35
.Ä-
J
.e- .- .e-
CD
o
•s .s
}=
g.
O
i
–

s-
to
i
g
stoi
iif
s
– I I –
food
^
i ,1
11
I
f
! .1
Q.
i 1
^
uS
s
S E S
^
•s.
a l l

.^
,^
^ ‘s
.g
• S o . – ”
g “s
f s
^ ê
ô.
Ui
i ^ it
ill
;=
-il,
!i
E
S”
>-.
E^
S I I
J^
eu
‘•^
II
•a
•x=
S
“^jH
LO
Q-
CJ
“O
03
a
eu
CO
•-
(O
^ -€ ?
I .= 2 i 2
I I •!
LTÏ
m
C_J
C_3
_O
• & )
o
en
CD
o
^
. Q
.•»^ • t
™ ^
G
Í2
-i-i
•i
g e
_o
aa
1
S.
i
1
i
s
ro
s
i I i .°
o
i
(U
•a
>.,
«b
departr
i
CD
i -S
•(6
•E
environ
lO
_ë
)cal de
“cD
artn
‘S
“E
tso
O
départi
11 i
iata
ruo
^
T3
.y
health
±¿
Î^. ^
CM
11
g.
vif
19Í
fil
Si o
.=
“s
i -i E
i 1
cô^
S •s
;i
-a 2
s
2
CO
111
rea (
1 cod
•E3
S
CD
!dtuo
C i
rea (
o
a;
o
CD
S
Î;
I
•

CM
en
.S
•£
W S
S
I I I
s
.2’
II I
t i I
“S
.c
“ÎB
September 2012, Vol 102, No. 9 | American Journal of Public Health
mimers et al. | Peer Reviewed | Government, Law, and Public Health Practice | 1647
GOVERNMENT, LAW, AND PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE
g.
s
i
2.31
QJ
E
o3
i ë
•S -S
‘”. g
•s
Ill
8Î
~
XiÛ
to
,S
r–
o
i f
-g
u-.
.g
-ë 1=
o
45
(OR
E
.•EP
Q-
i g ,s
g i
g ‘S
a.
LO
eigh
1
S i
•S
•63
nco
•g.
-MO
iity a
B
.E
55
.=
s S
g.
s
Îl
II
to
QJ
S
1 .1 ^
S
¿S
S.
o
E
1 I
S
SQ.
e
s ai 1
“i 1
I t
i I
¡2
t
•t
i
S
Z I
I I
° ” i
-S 1 g E
5 -E °° S
OJ
.c
-s
.a
•B
1648 I Government, Law, and Public Health Practice | Peer Reviewed | Hilmers et al.
o
*”*
-g
g S
-s
1
•a
American Journal of Public Health | September 2012, Vol 102, No. 9
GOVERNMENT, LAW, AND PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE
and have a size less than 5000
square feet”*”‘””
£3
I
CD
^=
E
o
RESULTS
s J i
Pf
^
g
V
s
O
.= ,ë É
Of the 24 studies identified
(Table 1), 14 were conducted in
the United States^**”*; the remainder took place in Canada,
England, Scotland, Australia, and
New Zealand.^^”^’ Most studies
were cross-sectional,^®”^® and 3
had an ecological design.”^”^’
Two studies used nationally representative data.^’^”^ The small
geographic areas chosen as the
units of analysis were a census
a census block
* a zip code or postal
‘ a community or
”’*^’*^'”‘* a territorial authority,*^ or a data
zone.”^”*3.49.50 Factors that influenced the choice of units of
analysis were the country or area
where the study was conducted
and the study design.
Techniques for identifying
fast-food outlet and convenience
store locations varied. Most
studies used public health agency
ts
;- s
CO
—
CD
in
S
g .Ë -s äS
a
e “h,
I 1 S
‘«5
Oj
“D
-^
^”
CD
t s 1 _
= = -y s
ra
g
o
II
and area-based geocoding techconducted walking surveys in
I
1 -s
=
.îiï
¿
•-
§ §
CD LD
,=
. CID CD CO
i .g -i 2 ¿ 1
<3 ;S e g o g. '3 2 0 Purchase answer to see full attachment

How it works

1. Paste your instructions in the instructions box. You can also attach an instructions file
2. Select the writer category, deadline, education level and review the instructions 
3. Make a payment for the order to be assignment to a writer
4.  Download the paper after the writer uploads it 

Will the writer plagiarize my essay?

You will get a plagiarism-free paper and you can get an originality report upon request.

Is this service safe?

All the personal information is confidential and we have 100% safe payment methods. We also guarantee good grades