Expert answer:Final Research Paper Draft
Expert answer:The Final Research Paper Draft must contain the following components:A title page and a references page (based upon your annotated bibliography).An introduction that features a thesis statement that is clearly
articulated and argumentative and/or analytical. Ideally, the
introduction should be a single, compelling paragraph.Body paragraphs that develop at least one research-supported
argument. (Note: The body of your paper should feature in-text citations
that leverage at least four different sources.)APA-style formatting, including properly documented citations.Your draft must be 750 to 2,000 words in length, excluding the title
and references pages. Remember to proofread your work for errors in
grammar, mechanics, style, and formatting. Submit as much work as
possible, whether it is a full or partial draft. Please refer to Research Paper Guidelines as well as Week 5 Final Research Paper instructions.
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Running head: RESCUE AND SHELTER DOGS
Rescue and Shelter Dogs: Rough Draft
Yolanda B. Student
ENG122: English Composition II
Professor I. M. Jackson
August 31, 2016
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RESCUE AND SHELTER DOGS
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Rescue and Shelter Dogs: Rough Draft
Dog’s are important members of many families, especially since they live for many years
and can be with children from childhood all the way through until they become adults. People
without children also enjoy having dogs in their lives as surrogates for the parent-child
relationship. There are man ways to obtain a dog in America nowadays. First, there is pet stores.
Second there are licensed breeders. Then there are unlicensed or home breeders. There are also
many shelters and rescue organizations that take care of homeless or unwanted pets until they’re
forever family can be found. Due to the pet overpopulation in America and the exacerbated
medical ramifications of selective breeding, people should adopt rescued dogs rather than
purchase a puppy from any type of breeder or pet store.
Pet overpopulation in America is causing environmental and sociological problems. Pet
waste left behind by unsupervised and/or homeless animals have an impact on ground water
quality (Paterson, 2011). If pet waste is left on the ground, it seeps into the ground, gets washed
into storm drains, makes its way into streams and lakes, and is left as untreated sewage in the
natural water cycle. Rescue organizations reduce the pet population in America by spaying and
neutering all animals before they are released. There were 3,500 individual animal shelters
operating at capacity in the United States in the mid 1990s (Motavalli, 1995). This is a large
number that has only increased over the years. The numbers grow because too many pets are
allowed to breed freely without control. According to environmentalist Jim Motavalli (1995), the
average female dog can produce two litters a year, which means that one un-spayed girl dog can
be responsible for 67,000 births during her fertile years if her offspring are also left intact and not
spayed or neutered.
RESCUE AND SHELTER DOGS
3
Designer and purebred dogs are created by artificial genetic modification through
selective breeding practices. Since humans have selectively bred dogs for physical and
behavioral characteristics through inbreeding, pedigree dogs can be plagued by genetic disease
(Farrell, Schoenebeck, Wiener, Clements, & Summers, 2015). Breeders who work in commercial
enterprises are focused on those physical characteristics when breeding an animal for sale.
Selective breeding practices result in exacerbated medical conditions in canines.
Previously, breed standards were focused on aesthetics and temperament with disregard for
health, leading to increased medical issues in pedigree dogs. Indrebø (2008) found that it will
take “several generations to change the breed through genetic selection in order to eradicate the
unhealthy over-typed dogs” (pp. 1-2). Shelters and rescue organizations do not participate in
selective breeding for designer or purebred animals. Instead, rescue organizations accept animals
in any variety until a permanent home can be found.
Rescue organizations do not participate in selective breeding for designer or purebred
animals. Pet stores, however, are supplied by breeders who do participate in selective breeding
but do not take the steps necessary to ensure healthy pets. The only way breeders can ethically
create healthy litters is through ongoing diagnostic screening of all dogs along with genetic
testing regardless of arbitrarily chosen aesthetics of the animal (Farrell et al., 2015). There are
ten recommendations for ethical breeding programs that require all breeders to only breed very
healthy dogs, calculate percentages for breeding stock, limit “matador breeding,” exclude female
dogs who are unable to give birth naturally, screen for polygenetic diseases, conduct DNA
testing, and practice natural puppy-rearing with birth mothers (Indrebø, 2008). Without firm
regulations and legal ramifications, commercial breeders continue to breed animals without
regard for health and welfare.
RESCUE AND SHELTER DOGS
4
There is a rich history in dog breeding and Kennel Club registration. Some people feel
that pedigree dogs represent a cultural history. It has been found, however, that desire for a purebred dog may be based upon popular culture trends rather than more rational or logical decisionmaking processes (Ghirlanda, Acerbi, & Herzog, 2014). Therefore, it is important to look into
the actual cultural impact of dog breeding as an asset to society without regard for ethical
treatment of animals.
Just as there is no assurance of breed when adopting from a shelter or rescue group, there
is no guarantee of a healthy pet when adopted from a shelter where the animal’s history is
unknown. While it’s true that there is no guarantee of health when a pet is adopted from a
shelter, it is not financially supporting breeders who are breeding animals with disregard for
health and welfare. This has led a number of municipalities across the country to ban the sale of
puppy-mill animals due to the animal welfare concerns (Taylor, 2015). Purebred dogs suffer
needlessly and genetic diversity, as exhibited in mutts from the pound, is preferable for a healthy
and stable pet (Jeppsson, 2014). So while there are no guarantees, the overall impact of adopting
pets rather than investing in commercial breeding is positive.
The sale of commercially-bred puppies from pet stores should be banned unless all
ethical recommendations become legally mandatory. In the meantime, many mixed-breed dogs
in shelters are in need of homes. Therefore, families should first consider adopting a dog from a
shelter or rescue organization rather than purchasing a puppy from an unregulated commercial
enterprise like a pet store or large breeding enterprise.
RESCUE AND SHELTER DOGS
5
References
Farrell, L. L., Schoenebeck, J. J., Wiener, P., Clements, D. N., & Summers, K. M. (2015). The
challenges of pedigree dog health: Approaches to combating inherited disease. Canine
Genetics And Epidemiology, doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0014-9
Ghirlanda, S., Acerbi, A., & Herzog, H. (2014). Dog movie stars and dog breed popularity: A
case study in media influence on choice. PLoS One, 9(9), 1-5.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106565
Indrebø, A. (2008). Animal welfare in modern dog breeding [Special Section]. Acta Veterinaria
Scandinavica, 50(56), 1-6. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-50-S1-S6
Jeppsson, S. (2014). Purebred dogs and canine wellbeing. Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics, 27(3), 417-430. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-013-9470-y
Motavalli, J. (1995). Our agony over animals. E: The Environmental Magazine, 6(5), 28.
Paterson, J. (2011). A greener pawprint. E: The Environmental Magazine, 22(3), 22-27.
Taylor, J. S. (2015). Anti-puppy mill legislation across the country is dogging pet stores. ABA
Journal. Retrieved from
http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/anti_puppy_mill_legislation_across_the_co
untry_is_dogging_pet_stores
Running head: SHORTENED TITLE
1
Full Title: Rough Draft
FirstName LastName
ENG122: English Composition II
Instructor FirstName LastName
August 1, 2016
SHORTENED TITLE
2
Full Title: Rough Draft
Write your paper in a well-structured essay format and utilize the writing center’s
structure guidelines and APA guides to help you. Use your outline as a roadmap so you stay on
track. Remember to keep your eye on the big picture, too. Your overall argument, as described in
your thesis statement, must be clearly communicated in each paragraph.
Your introduction and conclusion will discuss the full argument at a high level. Your
body paragraphs will each explore one piece of the argument. Make sure all your pieces fit to
create the complete argument. Be sure to reach out to the writing center tutors any time you
would like some one-on-one support.
SHORTENED TITLE
3
References
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
#(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
#(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
#(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
#(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
#(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
#(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
CLICK HERE for more instructions
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
Research Paper Guidelines
You will spend five weeks completing a 5-7 page academic argument in APA style. Each week is devoted to
one phase of the academic writing process:
1. Topic Selection & Beginning Research
2. Pre-Writing & Organization
3. Draft Writing
4. Revision
5. Editing & Final Draft
Week 1: Topic Selection & Beginning Research
Select a topic from the list of approved topics that begins on page two of this document. You will be working
with the same topic for the next five weeks. Choose a topic that is interesting but be wary of topics that elicit a
strong emotional response. We will be writing an objective academic paper in third-person perspective, which
may be difficult if you feel too personally connected or emotionally passionate.
As you begin to gather research on the topic, start organizing your work into an annotated bibliography. You
will submit your annotated bibliography for grading and feedback at the end of Week 1. You will use a working
thesis statement to guide you. These items may need to be revised before you move forward.
Week 2: Pre-Writing & Organization
After gathering sufficient research, you will begin to build a credible argument about the topic, which may
require revisions to your working thesis statement. You will submit an outline of your academic argument for
grading and feedback at the end of Week 2. The outline may need to be revised before you move forward.
Week 3: Draft Writing
You will utilize your revised annotated bibliography, revised outline, and instructor feedback as tools to write a
rough draft essay. The annotated bibliography provides you with your research notes while the outline guides
you through the structure of your argument. You will submit a rough draft of your academic argument for
grading and feedback at the end of Week 3. You will have time to fully revise and edit your draft over the
remaining two weeks of class.
Week 4: Revision
The revision process contains a number of steps that may overlap and repeat. This includes additional research,
more writing, proofreading, editing, and content revision. You must consider and apply the feedback you
received throughout class as you revise your rough draft. Every student is encouraged to utilize Ashford’s
tutoring and paper review services during revision. You are expected to use Week 4 as an opportunity for
careful and thorough revision.
Week 5: Final Draft
The final week of class will culminate in the submission of a Final Research Paper. This is the final, complete,
error-free version of your academic argument. The final draft is worth 30% of your final grade in this class.
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Writing Prompts – Select One for this Class
Prompts have been organized by subject area. Please review all options before making your final selection.
Consider selecting a topic that is related to your field of study and/or career.
Pay very close attention to the specific details below. Each prompt begins with a broad topic and concludes with
a research question. The research question is the starting point for your research. Your final paper must provide
an argument that directly answers the specific research question from the prompt. If you have questions about
the prompts, please contact your instructor.
Education & Information Literacy
1.
Developing Citizenship in K-12 Schools
The United States Department of Education sets basic guidelines and standards for K-12 education while
each state regulates its own unique standards. Recent emphasis on college preparedness and science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) subjects has changed the way students are taught in schools
across the country.
Research Question: How should K-12 schools balance college preparedness, STEM education, and
other curricula to ensure that all graduates are prepared to be well-informed, productive citizens?
2.
Common Core State Standards
Common Core is one of the latest movements in public school reform in the United States. Some states
have adopted Common Core State Standards for math and English language arts/literacy (ELA) while
others have rejected it.
Research Question: What is your home state’s position on Common Core State Standards and what
impact has that position had on schools, teachers, students, and families?
3.
Fake News
Assumptions, invalid arguments, intentional manipulation, lies, fallacies, and propaganda have become
more prevalent in the American public’s consciousness. Professional journalists, bloggers, politicians,
celebrities, and private citizens are struggling to find validity and truth in information in the digital age.
Research Question: Why is “fake news” so hard to identify and what can be done to limit its
influence in society?
4.
Technology & Young Children
Technology can be a learning tool, even in early childhood education. Children are often exposed to
interactive media and mobile devices before learning to walk. Technology is frequently present at home as
well as daycare and school.
Research Question: What is the appropriate use of technology and interactive media in early
childhood education?
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Business & Ethics
5.
New Business Model
Business analysts have alleged that the music industry is faltering due to outdated record label business
practices, inefficient and overly complex artist contract agreements, a failure to evolve with technology,
and other factors.
Research Question: Why is the music industry faltering what can be done to improve the current
business model?
6.
Environmental Responsibility
Manufacturing businesses create goods for public consumption. Disposable products and packaging have
an impact on the marketplace and the environment. Some municipalities have begun regulating the use of
single-use plastic bags, Styrofoam containers, and other disposable items.
Research Question: What should the role of local, state, and federal government be in the regulation
of environmental responsibility in private businesses?
7.
Telecommuting
Telecommuting, the practice of working remotely from an off-site location, is a growing trend in the
American workplace. While there may be positive impacts for the company and employee, there may also
be downsides.
Research Question: How does the practice of telecommuting impact workplace culture, employee
experience, and organizational success?
8.
Gender-based Income Gap
The gender-based income gap has become a topic of conversation in many industries. Popular opinion
suggests that women make less money than men for the same jobs, regardless of experience or education.
Research Question: What is the cause of gender-based income disparity in the United States and
how can it be eliminated?
Behavioral Science & Health Care
9.
Affordable Health Care
Health insurance is a program meant to assist people with the cost of medical services and health-related
procedures. Historically, health insurance was a benefit provided by employers. Over time, individuals
were asked to contribute to the costs of health insurance as well. Individuals who were not offered health
insurance through their employer often struggled to afford health insurance alone or were excluded
entirely. The federal government has been attempting to ensure that all Americans have access to health
insurance and affordable health care.
Research Question: What impact does the cost of health care have on American society and what
should be done to address the problem of high health care costs in the United States?
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10. Prenatal Genetic Testing
More pregnant women are being encouraged to participate in prenatal genetic testing during their first
trimester. However, there is much debate about the appropriateness of genetic testing for all pregnant
women due to the occurrence of misleading results and future privacy concerns for the child.
Research Question: What is the appropriate use of prenatal genetic testing for pregnant women in
the United States?
11. Aging Population
A large generation of aging Americans will require extra behavioral, health, and human services in the
very near future. Some experts have expressed concern that the country is unprepared for a surge in the
geriatric population.
Research Question: What are the needs of aging Americans and what roles should the healthcare
industry and government agencies play in meeting those needs?
12. Psychological Impact of Poverty
Researchers have documented the physical impacts of poverty on the human body, including issues of
health and safety. In addition to the physical impact, poverty can also have a long-lasting psychological
impact on an individual.
Research Question: How does poverty influence the behaviors of an individual and what is the
impact on the broader community?
Criminal Justice & Military Studies
13. Citizen Protests
Americans are afforded the constitutional right to peacefully assemble in protest with certain limitations.
Lawful protests may, however, escalate and result in criminal activity.
Research Question: How can governments and peace officers work together to protect the rights of
citizens while also enforcing laws that may be misunderstood by the public?
14. Police-Worn Body Cameras
The American public has recently rallied to ask for body cameras to be mandatory for all law enforcement
personnel. As districts and municipalities have begun using body cameras, issues of reliability, cost,
storage, privacy, community relations, cause-and-effect, and procedure have arisen.
Research Question: What is an appropriate use of body-worn cameras by police and other law
enforcement personnel in the United States?
15. Cybersecurity
Cyberspace and infrastructure (servers, cables, routers, etc.) are vulnerable to many risks. Cybercriminals
have the ability to operate from remote locations across the globe to find vulnerabilities in the link
between cyberspace and physical systems, records, and infrastructure.
Research Question: How can the Department of Homeland Security and other agencies protect
American assets and citizens from cyber-attack?
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16. Military-Civilian Life Transition
Active military service can be very different from civilian life. Some veterans have a smooth transition to
civilian life at the end of their service while others do not. There are many variables that may influence a
veteran’s experience.
Research Question: What can be done to increase the likelihood of a smooth transition from
military service to civilian life?
Building on GEN103: Information Literacy
17. GEN103 Option
If you have completed GEN103: Information Literacy at Ashford University, you have created a unique
topic and research question that may be appropriate for this class. You may be able to build upon your
prior research if your topic is appropriately narrowed for an academic argument. You must obtain
approval from your instructor to use your GEN103 topic in this class.
If you select this prompt, you must email your GEN103 research question and GEN103 annotated
bibliography to your instructor …
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