Expert answer:essay and research journal
Expert answer:title: second hand smokersall information for assignment and the essay is in the files. please make it look similar to the example file. use atleast one article from the library (https://library.gmu.edu) about the title. if you want to get information the internet you can but please dont forget to cite it. assignment ( 2pages) essay (5 pages)
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Lisa May
ENGH 100
Prof. Sara King
Research Journal for Essay 3
Assignment #1
Research Topic: Safer Water, Better Health
Water is an essential part of life; it is one of the basic human needs. Water is of major
importance to all living things; in some organisms, up to 90% of their body weight comes
from water. Water quality and scarcity are one of the major issues that humanity is facing in the
twenty-first century. We consume water daily, and rarely do we think whether it is of a proper
quality and what the consequences of consuming contaminated water are. We often take water for
granted and do not even realize how difficult it is for some groups of people (and even the whole
populations) to get access to potable water. I chose this topic because I think it is important for the
readers to become more educated about health effects of water scarcity and poor water quality.
Researchable Questions: How many people are affected by water-related diseases annually
worldwide? What are the causes of water-borne diseases? How do water quality and availability
affect human health? Are people in developing countries affected any differently than people in
the developed world? What can be done to prevent water-borne diseases?
Keywords: water quality, water scarcity, water-borne diseases, global health, infectious diseases,
sanitation, pollution, cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, developing countries, developed world,
prevention, chlorine.
Assignment #2: Summary/Analysis Paper
In a scholarly article “Water-Borne Diseases, Cost of Illness and Willingness to Pay for
Diseases Interventions in Rural Communities of Developing Countries,” published in Iranian
Journal Public Health in 2012, Afifa Malik and a team of researchers from the Sustainable
Development Study Center in GC University of Pakistan examine whether people in Saggian
Khudayar, a rural community in Pakistan, are aware of water-borne diseases, their causes, and
health effects. The authors provide basic information about the causes of water-borne diseases, as
well as statistics about global mortality rates caused by various water-borne diseases. Malik and
his colleagues also examine a few possible solutions for prevention of such diseases. By using this
article as a source for my research paper, I hope to answer my questions of how many people are
affected by water-borne diseases globally, and whether people in developing countries are affected
differently from people in the developed world. It also helps me to start a discussion of potential
ways to prevent water-borne diseases.
Since water is vital for every living cell, it is important to understand consequences of the
consumption of contaminated water. In the beginning of the article, the authors introduce potential
causes of water contamination. They include “sewerage and industrial effluents, surface run-off
and many anthropogenic activities that alter the physical (color, taste, and smell) and chemical
characteristics of water” (Malik et al. 39).
The researchers state that polluted water can cause various water-borne diseases, such as
“cholera, typhoid fever, malaria, amoebiasis, and dysentery” (Malik et al. 39). Their estimates
show that annually water-related diseases cause up to 10 million deaths worldwide, and most of
the people suffering from these diseases live in developing countries (Malik et al. 40).
It is reported that water contamination and scarcity are primary causes of infectious
diseases in developing countries. The research conducted by a team of scientists from the
Sustainable Development Study Center in GC University of Pakistan states, “In developing
countries, improper drinking water and sanitation facilities are responsible for 80% of all illnesses”
(Malik et al. 47). The scientists assert that frequent water-borne diseases increase the cost of
medical facilities and poverty among the rural and urban communities. At the same time, no
statistics for the developed world were displayed in this source.
The researchers interviewed local people in Saggian Khudayar, a rural community in
Pakistan, to evaluate the level of the community awareness regarding water-borne diseases. Their
findings show that most of the community residents believed that the water in the area was not
contaminated and that there was no threat to their health. Moreover, the respondents did not know
almost anything about water-borne diseases, their causes, and health impacts; the only waterrelated diseases the locals were aware of are malaria and diarrhea (Malik et al. 47).
Thus, Malik and his team argue that in order to prevent water-borne diseases it is vital to
educate people in developing countries about such diseases, their causes, and health consequences.
The authors point out, “There is need to provide drinking water systems according to water quality
standards which will reduce diseases” (Malik et al. 40). According to the researchers, right water
and sanitation management can help decrease diarrhea occurrences in developing countries
significantly.
I found this article useful for my research because of its basic information about water
contamination and its health consequences. The source also provided statistics about water-borne
diseases mortality rates worldwide. While focusing primarily on water-borne diseases in
developing countries, the article helped me understand that people in the developing countries are
affected more severely than people in the developed world. To prove this statement, I will need to
search for sources that provide more statistics concerning water-borne diseases in developed
countries. This article showed a few possible ways to prevent and stop the transmission of waterborne diseases, but additional sources will be used to offer more detailed solutions to the issue.
Work Cited:
Malik, Afifa, et al. “Water-Borne Diseases, Cost of Illness and Willingness to Pay for Diseases
Interventions in Rural Communities of Developing Countries.” Iranian Journal Public
Health, vol. 41, no. 6, 2012, pp. 39-49, ProQuest Central.
Assignment #3 and #4: Annotated Bibliography
Cunningham, Marnie. “Why Do So Many People Still Struggle to Access Clean Water?”
Global Citizen, 22 March 2017.
The article published on Global Citizen platform investigates the reasons why people around the
world do not have access to clean water. The author examines effects of lack of access to fresh
water on women, children, and rural communities. She draws the connection between climate
change and water-borne diseases, and asserts that malnutrition is often caused by poor water
quality.
Malik, Afifa, et al. “Water-Borne Diseases, Cost of Illness and Willingness to Pay for Diseases
Interventions in Rural Communities of Developing Countries.” Iranian Journal of
Public Health, vol. 41, no. 6, 2012, pp. 39-49, ProQuest Central.
The researchers from the Sustainable Development Study Center in GC University of Pakistan
examine level of awareness about water-borne diseases in Saggian Khudayar, a rural community
in Pakistan. They interview dwellers of 50 community households and provide statistics of the
level of awareness. The scientists argue that higher awareness about causes of water-borne diseases
decreases chances of getting sick. The study provides statistics of mortality rates caused by waterborne diseases globally.
Marcheggiani, Stefania et al. “Risks of Water-Borne Disease Outbreaks After Extreme
Events.” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, vol. 92, no. 3, 2010, pp. 593-599,
Taylor & Francis Online. doi:10.1080/02772240903252140.
Based on statistics collected by the research team from the Department of Environment and
Primary Prevention in Rome, Italy, this article illustrates observations concerning outbreaks of
water-borne diseases in Italy and other developed countries susceptible to floods. The source
makes a connection between climate change and water-borne diseases and discusses options for
an administrative response.
Portier, Cristopher, et al. “A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change: A Report
Outlining the Research Needs on the Human Health Effects of Climate Change.”
Environmental Health Perspectives/National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, 2010, pp. 51-63. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002272.
The researchers from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences examine causes of
various water-borne diseases worldwide. The source states that climate change is one of the causes
of outbreaks of water-borne diseases. It also provides some mitigation and adaptation options that
could reduce occurrence of water-borne diseases and improve human health.
Prüss-Üstün, Annette, et al. “Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability
of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health.” World Health Organization, 2008.
A group of researchers from the World Health Organization asserts that water quality largely
impacts human health. The source summarizes water-related findings on global health impacts and
presents information on effective interventions. The document proves that improvements in water
quality, sanitation and hygiene can significantly reduce occurrence of water- and vector-borne
diseases. The article also provides data regarding various water-related diseases globally.
Assignment #5: Outline of Essay 3
Safer Water, Better Health
Introduction (How and why the topic was chosen, research questions)
I. How many people are affected by water-related diseases annually worldwide?
A. Global statistics of mortality rates
B. Breakdown for each specific disease
II. What are the causes of water-borne diseases?
A. Pathogens
B. Climate change
III. How do water quality and availability affect human health?
A. Factors that affect water quality and availability
B. Consequences of water pollution and scarcity
IV. Are people in developing countries affected any differently than people in the developed
world?
A. Overall statistics for developing countries
B. Overall statistics for the developed world
C. Conclusion
V. What can be done to prevent water-borne diseases?
Conclusion (What was learned, how this research can be used by the audience)
Assignment #6: Research Paper Introduction
Safer Water, Better Health
Ever since I was a child, I heard people say that water is essential for human life. Back then
I lived in Russia, and my parents kept prohibiting me to drink tap water. They said it was not clean,
and that I would grow horns — just like a goat — if I drank it. I did not want to grow horns, so I
stayed away from drinking tap water. When I got a little older, I realized that no one ever grew
horns from drinking tap water, and I kept wondering why my parents did not allow me to drink it.
Almost three years ago I moved to the U.S., and I noticed that everyone here drinks tap
water. It surprised me, and I even asked one of my friends why Americans do that. He laughed at
me saying, “Why not? Tap water is perfectly potable!” I started to think about his words realizing
that most of the time we drink water without thinking whether it is clean or not. We do not really
ask ourselves where our water comes from, or what will happen to us if it is not of a proper quality.
Surprisingly, water quality and scarcity are one of the major issues that humanity is facing
in the twenty-first century. I decided to dedicate this research paper to water pollution and scarcity,
and their effects on human health. I chose this topic because such issues cannot be ignored, and
people should become more aware of dangers of consuming polluted water. It is also important to
understand causes of water contamination and scarcity to be able to prevent or combat these
problems.
Water contamination and scarcity often lead to outbreaks of water-borne diseases. Waterborne diseases are caused by bacteria contaminating fresh water supply. They occur when one
drinks, bathes in, washes, or prepares food with infected water. In this research paper, I aim to
answer the following questions: How many people are affected by water-related diseases annually
worldwide? What are the causes of water-borne diseases? How do water quality and availability
affect human health? Are people in developing countries affected any differently than people in
the developed world? What can be done to prevent water-borne diseases?
Due Wed., Nov. 15 (except for #1)
I. Freewriting/Choosing a topic.
How and why did you choose your topic? What knowledge or experience do you already have of the
topic? What else would you like to know about this topic? How much do you think an audience of your
classmates would know about this topic?
II. Setting up Researchable Questions.
Go back through your freewriting and highlight (underline, italicize, or bold) all the important
concepts. Now write at least three questions. These questions should not merely elicit definitions or
opinions but help you understand your topic more fully and develop a thesis about it. Highlight the
important words in your questions.
III. Choosing Keywords.
Look again at your highlighted words. Choose 4 or 5. Using a thesaurus or dictionary, write at least 4
synonyms for each word. Remember that your subject itself MUST be a keyword. (If you are writing
about an issue in another country, the name of the country must be a keyword.) Nouns and noun phrases
make the best search words.
IV. Searching the University Databases/Choosing an article for the summary-analysis paper.
1. Go to the Mason home page.
2. Click Academics, Libraries, Articles and More.
3. Select “a” from the alphabetical list of databases. Scroll down to Academic Search Complete. (Or
“p” for Proquest Research Library)
4. Mark the box for Full Text.
5. In the first search box, enter the noun or noun phrase of your topic. In the second box
(after AND) type “college students” or “culture.”
6. Skim through the list of articles. Make sure you can identify the titles, authors, journal (newspaper,
magazine) title, date of publication, and length of the article. (Look for articles that are 4-25 pages
long.) Read the abstracts of articles that look promising.
7. Choose an article for your summary/analysis paper. The article should be published in an
academic/ professional journal or in a major newspaper or magazine. Save it to your computer as a
PDF file and/or E-mail it to yourself. Read and annotate the article. (Look at the guidelines for the
Summary/Analysis paper to help you highlight important information.) Bring the annotated article to
class on Monday, Apr. 10
1. Write a Work Cited entry for your article.
Example of MLA Style Work Cited entry. (Full list will be Works Cited, in alphabetical order by authors’ last name.)
Hirsch, Arnold R., and Lee A. Levert. “The Katrina Conspiracies: The Problem of Trust
in Rebuilding an American City.” Journal of Urban History , vol. 35, no. 2, 2009, pp. 207-19.
1) Two authors (Last Name, First Name Middle Initial., and First Name Middle Initial Last Name. List the authors in the order they appear
on the article. If there are more than 2 authors, list the first author followed by et al. Ex. Smith, John et al. Use period after last author.
2) “Title of Article.” (Capitalize all words except prepositions and articles. “The” is capitalized because it comes after a colon.) Use
period at end of title, inside the quotation marks.
3) Title of Journal (Use italics and capitalize all words except prepositions. Use comma after title.
4) volume, issue, year of publication, page range (vol. 35, no. 2, 2009, pp. 207-19) (Usually you can find this as a header or footer on a
pdf file. Use commas to separate.)
Remember to start the entry from the left margin and indent the second and third lines one tab. Double space the entry.
1)Introduction. Write an introductory paragraph for your
summary/analysis. This should include the title of the article, the
authors’ names or credentials, and a brief introduction to the article. If
the article reports on a research study, mention when and where the
research was done and its purpose. If the article summarizes research
on the topic, mention the focus and scope of this article. Finally, discuss
the importance of this article to your research.
Example:
In “American Karoshi,” published in New Internationalist in 2002,
Matthew Reiss investigated the phenomenon of workaholism, or as they
say in Japan, karoshi – working yourself to death. The author told
stories of different people suffering from the “disease” of workaholism,
highlighting the role that government plays in the development of work
addiction among American citizens, and he also mentioned what impact
work obsession has on people’s health. With this source, I hoped to
answer my questions of whether workaholism is a real disease and how
its impact be reduced.
2. Outline the structure of the article. Identify passages from the article that you may want to
use in your Summary/Analysis paper (Pay special attention to the conclusion/discussion parts
of the article.) Practice 4 different types of quotations (short quote, long quote, integrated
quote, and paraphrase.)
3. Write the rest of your paper, following the guidelines for the Summary/Analysis paper.
Remember to include at least 3 quotations from the article. Each quotation must be properly
introduced and cited.
Body: Summarize the structure and content of the article, including at least 3 direct quotations
that you may include in your essay. Introduce and cite the quotations using correct MLA Style.
Remember to “sandwich” the quotations with your own words. The signal phrase that comes
before the quote should contain information that shows why the quote is important and
reliable; the parenthetical citation that follows the quote helps the reader locate the source on
the Works Cited (alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper.)
Conclusion: After reflecting on what you learned from this source, write about your remaining
(or new) research questions.
Include your Work Cited at the end of the paper (no separate page necessary)
You are expected to use parts of this paper in Essay #3, most likely near the beginning of your
paper, after the introduction.
Compile an alphabetical list of your sources in
MLA Style. Double space the sources and use
bold. After each citation, write a brief annotation
(2-3 sentence paragraph describing the source).
The first sentence should provide the writers’
credentials or the place the research was done
and the purpose or scope of the study. (Do not
repeat the writers’ names in this sentence.) The
second sentence should briefly summarize the
findings or argument. A final sentence may be
added to explain how this source is different
from others on your Works Cited.
Greene, Kim. “Should You Work?” Scholastic Choices, vol. 27, no. 1, 2011,: pp. 22-25.
The author from New York University uses data from the U.S. Department of Labor to see if students
should work while going to school and to identify its pros and cons. The study said that students have
a lot of benefits in acquiring a job but must make a lot of sacrifices.
Hammond, Shawn. “Effects of Employment on Student Academic Success.” About Campus, vol 7, no. 2,
2006.
The author from Oklahoma State University did a research on the effect of full-time or part-time
employment on the academic success of college students. He found that working a moderate number
of hours often correlated with higher GPA. Although this is true, according to the author, students
should be cautious of the number of hours they allot for work, for this may be detrimental and may
decrease their GPA.
Holloway, John. “Part-Time Work and Student Achievement.” As …
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