Expert answer:ENGL1020 Columbia Southern Living Under Jim Crow C
Expert answer:Conclusion (150-200 words):
Revisit the controversy.
Emphasize the seriousness of the controversy.
Answer the “So what?” question.
Suggest a general solution (optional).
Call for awareness/action.
Leave the reader with a final thought.
Abstract (200 words or less): For this assignment, you may not exceed 200 words.
Restatement of the controversy (one to two sentences)
Your thesis (one sentence)
Reasons (three to four sentences)
Conclusion sentence (one sentence)
Add the conclusion and abstract to the rest of your paper so that you are turning in a complete research paper. The
paper should include all of the following components (in order):
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Body paragraphs
Conclusion
References page
revisionforbodyparagraphs.pdf
bodyparagraphswithnotes.pdf
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Running Head: JIM CROW
1
Living Under Jim Crow
Alvin Hayes
Columbia Southern University
2
JIM CROW
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state
legislation that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United
States. Passed by white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after
the end of the Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th
century when the civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow
laws were controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas
there were some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow
laws supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless,
opponents claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against AfricanAmericans and all people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of
racial apartheid that ruled the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily
life, requiring segregation of libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among
other public places. Jim Crow was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean
any local legislation enacted in the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks.
Jim Crow laws were founded on the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of
Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued late-19th century, racism fascinated whites who
feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused
African-Americans to win votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or
playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the Louisiana
General Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together
Introduction meets goals as stated on Syllabus Unit IV
3
JIM CROW
on trains. Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme
Court in the late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites
and blacks could be ‘separate but equal.’ Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be
Thesis: Well-stated argument
separated from whites. The Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in the Southern United
States and establish separate but equal economic, education and social policies that would later
discriminate the African Americans after the Civil War for many years to come.
Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws
This section will incorporate the various aspects and perspectives of authors regarding the
Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as the opponents and proponents of these laws are
concerned. The Jim Craw laws should never have been enacted because they limited the freedom
of the emancipated African Americans through restricting their movement and forcing them into
labor economy that was based on low wages and debt. In the name of healing the wound between
the North and the South, the Whites bestowed their white supremacy and forgot the course of
protecting the African Americans. In the context of the former confederacy and neighborhood
states, local governments constructed a legal system aimed at establishing a society which was
based on white supremacy. The Jim Crow legislation separated the people of color from whites
in schools, jobs, public gatherings, housing and public transport. This law discriminated against
the African Americans and denied them the freedom to associate or participate in the political
Lit Review Preface Paragraph meets goals as stated on
system of the country. Syllabus Unit IV
Opposition of Jim Craw Laws
Immediately after the end of the Civil War and implementation of the 13th Amendment,
many states of the former Confederacy enacted Black Codes, legislation designed by former
slaves. This legislation was planned to restrict the new independence of liberated blacks by
limiting their movement and by coercing them into a labor economy grounded on low income
4
JIM CROW
and debt. According to Bennett (2016), the Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the North and
prompted the Congress to put the former Confederate states under Army protection during
Reconstruction. Nonetheless, despite the attempt of the Congress, many laws limiting the
liberation of blacks were still implemented. Typically, the Black Codes established the basis for
the frameworks of customs and laws backing a framework of white supremacy that would be
called Jim Crow (Bennett, 2016). The Jim Crow laws acted as the beginning of the prejudice and
tribulations that African Americans were subjected to.
One of the overarching impacts of this law was the taking away of the voting rights thus
denying the African Americans the right to vote. Through legal maneuvering and violence, the
white supremacy was imposed which was the first step in taking away the African Americans
civil rights. In the fall of 1890s the Southern states enacted legislations such as literacy tests, poll
taxes as well as elaborate registration systems which locked out the blacks from participating in
the electoral process. It is imperative to note that these laws proved very effective in states such
as Mississippi and Louisiana where such laws had emancipated and had been adopted fully by
the whites in such states. The poll tax on the other hand required African Americans to pay fees
to register to vote. These fees kept many poor whites and African Americans from voting. In a
nutshell, these laws were meant to restrict social contacts between whites and other groups and to
Good historical overview to open
limit the freedom and opportunity of the people of color. your Lit Review
The PRO Side
Support for Jim Craw Laws
Indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation but it did not entail discrimination
or prejudice. Instead, the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy.
Klarman (2004) states that most African-Americans during the late 19th century were free as
slavery were abolished earlier. Therefore, they were free and allowed to work as well as own
JIM CROW
5
properties. Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and economic differences and their
differing perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that they should be allowed to
interact amongst themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves held grudges against whites
who had enslaved them and were their masters. As a result, the politicians and other political and
economic leaders assumed that these grudges and perceptions held by people of color against
whites could result in conflicts and unnecessary clashes. Therefore, the enactment of the Jim
Crow laws prevented such conflicts and ensured that black and white people interact with people
they could easily relate to and identify with (Klarman, 2004).
The CON Side? Missing
Body Paragraphs: Your argument (to support your thesis?) Missing!
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders
but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in public
facilities such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in churches and
other religious systems. For instance, African Americans were required to sit in different rows
from whites. Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white
people since they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial
since it promoted racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The impacts of these
laws were heavily felt on the Africans than any other race in the United States. Although some of
the authors are in the opinion that these laws were fair and contributed a great deal in the United
States, these laws brought about Black Codes which outraged public opinion in the North and
restricted the movement and freedom of the African Americans. These black codes were seen to
have laid a strong foundation to the system and laws and customs supporting repressive laws that
limited the rights and freedom of the African Americans.
6
JIM CROW
References
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
Running Head: JIM CROW
1
Living Under Jim Crow
Alvin Hayes
Columbia Southern University
2
JIM CROW
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state legislation
that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United States. Passed by
white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after the end of the
Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th century when the
civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow laws were
controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas there were
some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow laws
supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless, opponents
claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against African-Americans and all
people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of racial apartheid that ruled
the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily life, requiring segregation of
libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among other public places. Jim Crow
was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean any local legislation enacted in
the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks. Jim Crow laws were founded on
the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued
late-19th century, racism fascinated whites who feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to
blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused African-Americans to win votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or
playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the Louisiana
General Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together
3
JIM CROW
on trains. Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme Court
in the late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites and
blacks could be ‘separate but equal.’ Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be separated from
whites. The Jin Crow laws were fair to others but unfair to some sect of the society particularly
the African Americans.
This thesis is still weak. Take a stronger stand on this issue
to strengthen your argument!
Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws
Several authors have written a number of scholarly journals and peer-reviewed articles
regarding the Jim Crow laws. These authors have provided a background to the legislation, its
effects on affected parties-both whites and blacks, and how it prompted conflicts and clashes
between whites and blacks. Authors have based their articles on previous works of scholars and
philosophers in the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century. This section will incorporate the various
aspects and perspectives of authors regarding the Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as
the opponents and proponents of these laws are concerned. The Jim Craw laws should never have
been enacted because they were limited the freedom of the emancipated African Americans
through restricting their movement and forcing them into labor economy that was based on low
wages and debt.
Opposition of Jim Craw Laws
Immediately after the end of the Civil War and implementation of the 13th Amendment,
many states of the former Confederacy enacted Black Codes, legislation designed by former
slaves. This legislation was planned to restrict the new independence of liberated blacks by
limiting their movement and by coercing them into a labor economy grounded on low income and
debt. According to Bennett (2016), the Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the North and
JIM CROW
4
prompted the Congress to put the former Confederate states under Army protection during
Reconstruction. Nonetheless, despite the attempt of the Congress, many laws limiting the
liberation of blacks were still implemented. Typically, the Black Codes established the basis for
the frameworks of customs and laws backing a framework of white supremacy that would be called
Jim Crow to (Bennett, 2016). The Jim Crow laws acted as the beginning of the prejudice and
tribulations that African Americans were subjected to. The next segment will explain one of the
aspect of Jim Crow legislation-‘separate but equal’.
The Jim Crow laws marked the beginning of the end of racial segregation in America.
Would this be one effect of the laws? Would this be a good focus for a body paragraph?
Essentially, this legislation promoted racial discrimination and prejudice and was largely opposed
Showing readers how these laws impacted history? (Is that your argument?)
by the people of color. Tischauser (2012), claims that because politicians and administrators in the
South ignored the outcry of the blacks, the people of color decided to take things in their hands
and started the civil rights movement and other campaigns that criticized and opposed racial
segregation in the United States. In 1955, for instance, Rosa Louise Parks declined to obey the
demand of a bus driver that she surrender her seat to a white person. She was later arrested and
imprisoned (Tischauser, 2012).
When Parks accepted to have her case challenged, it became a cause célèbre in the conquest
against Jim Crow legislation. Her hearing for this conduct of civil defiance prompted the
Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the most effective mass campaigns against racial segregation in
the history of United States, and initiated Martin Luther King to the lead of the civil rights
movement that steered peaceful demonstrations against Jim Crow legislation (Tischauser, 2012).
Majority of local and state governments enacted the ‘Jim Crow’ laws that required
‘separate but equal’ position for blacks. Jim Crow legislation was ordinances and doctrines
5
JIM CROW
developed between the 1870s and 1960s to segregate black and white races in the Southern part of
the United States. According to Katagiri (2014), theoretically, this legislation established ‘separate
but equal’ treatment. However, in practice, this legislation subjected African Americans to
prejudice and considered them second-class citizens who are inferior. Public facilities like
restaurants and parks were segregated as was education. In other words, the Jim Crow laws resulted
in accommodations and treatment that were inferior to those offered to the whites. Although
opponents of the Jim Crow laws argue that the legislation promoted racial discrimination and
prejudice, the proponents have completely different perspective of the legislation. The following
section will address some of the views of the proponents of the Jim Crow laws.
Support for Jim Craw Laws
Indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation but it did not entail discrimination
or prejudice. Instead, the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy. Klarman
(2004) states that most African-Americans during the late 19th century were free as slavery were
abolished earlier. Therefore, they were free and allowed to work as well as own properties.
Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and economic differences and their differing
perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that they should be allowed to interact amongst
themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves held grudges against whites who had enslaved
them and were their masters. As a result, the politicians and other political and economic leaders
assumed that these grudges and perceptions held by people of color against whites could result in
conflicts and unnecessary clashes. Therefore, the enactment of the Jim Crow laws prevented such
conflicts and ensured that black and white people interact with people they could easily relate to
and identify with (Klarman, 2004).
6
JIM CROW
Body Paragraphs?
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders
but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in public facilities
such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in churches and other religious
systems. For instance, African Americans were required to sit in different rows from whites.
Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white people since
they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial since it promoted
racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The impacts of these laws were heavily
felt on the Africans than any other race in the United States. Although some of the authors are in
the opinion that these laws were fair and contributed a great deal in the United States, these laws
brought about Black Codes which outraged public opinion in the North and restricted the
movement and freedom of the African Americans. These black codes were seen to have laid a
strong foundation to the system and laws and customs supporting repressive laws that limited the
rights and freedom of the African Americans.
7
JIM CROW
References
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
…
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