Expert answer:Do This ASSIGNMENT
Expert answer:Using an actual score reporting form from a standardized test that is intended for teachers or parents, create a dialogue that you would share with a parent or a new teacher regarding percentiles, grade equivalent scores, and scale scores. Be sure to address the strengths and weaknesses of each.I add example to do this HW.Chapter 13: Standardized Test Interpretations Popham, W. J. (2014). Classroom assessment: What teachers need to know (7th ed.) Pearson
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1-Using an actual score reporting form from a standardized test that is intended for
teachers or parents, 2-create a dialogue that you would share with a parent or a new
teacher regarding percentiles, grade equivalent scores, and scale scores. 3- Be sure to
address the strengths and weaknesses of each.
In terms of education, standardized test scores can give parents useful information
about their children. Explaining the results to parents, however, can be difficult because
parents may not understand what the tests are for or what the scores mean. For me
what I can do to help educate them, I need to explain what SAT means and why the
students take the test , explain what the different types of scores are, and help parents
to interpret test scores.
A standardized test is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent, or
“standard”, manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions,
conditions for administering, scoring procedures, and interpretations are consistent and
are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. Most importantly, I
will tell them that the idea behind the standardized testing policy movement is that
testing is the first step to improving schools, teaching practices, and educational
methods through data collection. Uncritical use of standardized test scores to evaluate
teacher and school performance is inappropriate, because the students’ scores are
influenced by three things: what students learn in school, what students learn outside of
school, and the students’ innate intelligence.
For the new teacher, I will tell her that when standardized tests are the primary factor in
accountability, schools use the tests to narrowly define curriculum and focus instruction.
I will help parents understand that standardized testing can help to serve several
purposes. They help teachers, principals, and superintendents, evaluate and improve
the school district, evaluate and improve the individual school, identify a child’s
academic strengths, and identify areas where a child may need to improve. I also will
point out to parents that a testing program is only one of several tools I can use to
evaluate their children’s performance. Children are never measured on the basis of one
test alone. I can help parents better understand test scores by helping them understand
that they can compare their child’s test scores to the scores of one or more groups of
students. Three popular ways of making comparisons are by using percentiles, scale
score, or grade-level equivalents.
First, percentile scores give parents a more detailed description of how their children
compare with other students who took the test by showing scores that range from 1 to
99. For example, since the child scored in the 66th percentile on a test, the child
achieved a score that is higher than 66% of the other students who took the test.
So, of all 1,000 students who took the test, their child in the 66th percentile scored
higher than 660 students.
For the new teacher I will tell her that we as a teacher do not confuse percentile scores
with percentage correct scores. Also, I will tell her that percentile scores allow us to
compare one student’s scores with a group of students who took the test. Percentage
correct scores simply reveal the number of items that a student answered correctly out
of the total number of items.
We as teachers should know that a student’s raw score is converted to a number
indicating the percentage of the norm group who scored below him. For example, the
score at the 60th percentile means that the individual’s score is the same as or higher
than the scores of 60% of those who took the test. The 50th percentile is known as the
median and represents the middle score of the distribution. So, if the parent and the
child know their child’s percentile score, then they know how it compares with others in the
norm group. If the child scored at the 70th percentile, then this means that he scored
the same or better than 70% of the individuals in the norm group. This is the score most
often used by organizations when comparing a student’s score with that of other
candidates. Because they are so easily understood ,they are very widely used when
reporting results to managers.
Percentiles cannot be averaged nor treated in any other way mathematically. However,
they do have the advantage of being easily understood and can be very useful when
giving feedback to candidates or reporting results to managers. And percentiles have
the disadvantage that they are not equal units of measurement. For instance, a difference
of 5 percentile points between two individual’s scores will have a different meaning
depending on its position on the percentile scale, as the scale tends to exaggerate
differences near the mean and collapse differences at the extremes.
Second, scale score, to achieve comparability, standardized testing programs report
scaled scores. The reporter’s scaled scores are obtained by statically adjusting and
converting raw scores into a common scale to account for differences in difficulty across
different forms, which is considered one of its advantages. For an easier form, a test
taker needs to answer slightly more questions correctly to get a particular scaled score.
For a more difficult form, a test can get the same scaled score answering slightly fewer
questions correctly. So, there are not easy to interpret, which is considered one of the
disadvantages of it.
I will tell the new teacher that it is considered a type of derived score, which is a
transformation of the raw score, developed through a process called scaling. Scale
scores provide a continuous score scale (developmental scale) across different levels
and forms of a test that permits the direct comparison of different groups of examinees regardless of the time of year they are tested and the level/form administered. I will
point out that the purpose of scaled scores is to report scores for all examinees on a
consistent scale. For example, if a test has two forms and one is more difficult than the
other. It has been determined by equating that a score of 65% on form 1 is equivalent to
a score of 68% on form 2. Scores on both forms can be converted to a scale so that
these two equivalent scores have the same reported scores. For example, they could
both be a score of 350 on a scale of 100 to 500. I will also tell them that the scale
ranges SAT’s from 200 to 800 (per section).So, since the child got 65% and got a score
of 350 which means that his peers may get the same score of 350 on the scale but not
the same as his; they may have gotten 65 or 68, but they got the same reported score,
which is 350.
Third, I will tell them that grade equivalent is a number that describes a student’s
location on an achievement continuum. Grade equivalents are expressed in terms of
grade and months into grade, assuming a 10-month school year. For the new teacher, I
will tell her that the grade equivalent corresponding to a given score on any test
indicates the grade level at which the typical student obtains this score. Because of this,
grade equivalents are not based on an equal interval scale, and therefore cannot be
added, subtracted, or averaged across test levels the way other scores can such as
scale scores or standard scores. For both of them it is important to know that the grade
equivalents are particularly suited for estimating a student’s developmental status or
year-to-year growth. These scores are not particularly suited for identifying a student’s
standing within a group or for diagnosing areas of relative strength or weakness. Grade
equivalents do not provide a prescription for grade placement. The child of fourth-grade
level earning a GE of 6.2 on a fourth-grade reading test obviously demonstrates that his
developmental level in reading is high relative to his/her fourth-grade peers. However,
the test results supply no information about how well he would handle the material
normally read by students in the early months of sixth grade. It, therefore, cannot be
concluded that he is ready for placement in the sixth grade.
For more explanations for the new teacher I will give her a more in-depth description
that grade-level equivalent scores are determined by giving a test that is developed for
a particular grade to students in other grades. For instance, test designers establish
grade-equivalents for a 4th grade test by giving that same test to students who are in
the 6th and the 2nd grades. I will tell the new teacher that grade-level equivalent scores
are often misunderstood, which is one of its disadvantages. So, we have to be careful
when we interpret them with parents. If a 4th grader received a 7th grade equivalent
score on a 4th grade reading achievement test, the parents may believe their child is
ready for 7th grade material. I should tell them that the score means that the child reads
4th grade material as well as the average 7th grader. One of the advantages of grade
equivalents is that it appears to be readily interpretable to both teachers and parents.
Finally, in terms of education, a student’s test results are most meaningful, when I
discuss them in relation to these other students’ scores. When I compare one student
with others who took the same test, I can discuss with the student’s parents the ways in
which their child is similar or dissimilar to other students in the group. Parents will ask
many questions about the mean of those scores. I think, we as teachers are in a unique
position to answer as many as possible and try our best. Because we have seen their
child’s work every day, we should have a firm impression of their child’s capabilities. We
should remember that parents have a right and a need to know about their children’s
educational progress. Wherever possible, we should discuss past and current test
scores together, as a way of helping them track their children’s progress. Above all, we
should remember that test results give us a powerful way of checking whether the
students are working up to their potential.
Secondary School Admission Test Score Report
About You
Name
ELEMENTARY SSAT
Grade
4
Sex
Female
Date of Birth
01 Jan 2003
The Test You Took
Registration ID
300000000
Test Date
01 Dec 2013
Test Level
Elementary
Test Center
SSAT Sample
School (0000)
ELEMENTARY SSAT
234 SECOND RD
CITY, WA 98765
Elementary Level Score Range: 300-600
Your Scores
SSAT Scaled Score
Personal Score Range
SSAT Percentile
Verbal
440
420 – 460
51
Math
400
380 – 420
31
Reading
495
475 – 515
82
Total
1,335
52
What does My SSAT Scaled Score Mean?
What Does My SSAT Percentile Mean?
Your scores are calculated by adding one point for each correct answer, zero points for each omitted
and incorrect answer. Your SSAT Verbal, Quantitative and Reading Scaled Scores are calculated based
on your number of correct answers and the difficulty level of the test taken. Independent schools vary
in their approach to using test scores in the application process for admission. You are welcome to
contact the schools of interest to you to learn how they use the SSAT.
Your SSAT percentile is a between 1 and 99. Your percentile rank compares your performance on the test
to the performances of the other students of the same grade who have taken the SSAT within the past
year. For example, if fourth-grader Sue Smith received a 65 SSAT percentile, she did as well as or better
than 65% of the other 4th grade girls who took the SSAT in the past year. If you are concerned that your
percentiles are lower than you have earned on other tests, please remember that SSAT test takers are
members of a small and highly competitive group of students who plan to attend some of the world’s
best independent schools. You should not be discouraged by what seems to be a lower score than you
usually attain on standardized testing. Below is the average SSAT score received by a student of your
grade.
Average Grade
Verbal
Math
Reading
Grade 4
450
450
450
Test Question Breakdown
Verbal
Questions testing your knowledge of words (synonyms) and
your ability to relate ideas (analogies).
Right
Wrong
Omitted
% Correct
Synonyms
8
7
0
53
Analogies
7
8
0
47
50
Math
Questions testing your knowledge of number properties and
relationships, basic computation, elementary concepts of
equivalencies, geometry, measurement, and interpretation of
charts/graphs.
Reading
Questions regarding the main idea and supporting details of a
passage or requiring higher order skills, such as deriving the
meaning of words from context, extracting the meaning of a
passage, or interpreting an author’s logic, attitude and tone.
Number Concepts & Operations
3
9
0
25
Algebra, Geometry & Other Math
6
12
0
33
30
Main Idea
10
1
0
91
Higher Order
13
4
0
76
82
…
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