Expert answer:Develop Part II of a health campaign plan
Expert answer:Develop Part II of a health campaign plan. Part II focuses on assessment and planning for a health campaign.Write a 1,750- to 2,450-word analysis of the population and resources for your health campaign. Building on the Part I submission, provide the following:Summarize Part I in a single paragraph as part of your introduction to create the context for Part II.Describe how the target population is defined at the national level and compare how these data may differ in the defined community, relating to the nationally identified objective specific to the issue you identified in Part I.Describe the target population’s incidence, prevalence, and mortality differences between the national and state level.Explain the community-based response to the issue, including community-based planning, needs assessments, and selection of locally identified objectives.Compare institutional and community leadership roles in responding to these targeted health objectives.Describe any economic factors and funding intervention strategies that will address the issue.Describe the role of social marketing in promoting public health related to your chosen issue.Reference your readings and at least 5 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar articles.Format the analysis according to APA guidelines.For this assignment I just need the bold section completed with a minimum of 350 words and a max of 490 words. I will past a copy of the previous part (Part 1) of the assignment for reference. Please add at least one peer reviewed reference.
wk3_team_a_health_campaign_part_one__final.docx
wk3_team_a_health_campaign_part_one.docx
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Health Campaign Part One
Eugenie Attila, Kena Blount, Adrienne Goodnight, Emmanuel Myrtil, Herbert Williams
HCS/535
December 11, 2017
Prof. Michelle Rose
2
Health Campaign Part One
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there is a vast increase in opioid-related
overdoses in recent years with more than a 6% increase in one year (Balas, 2016). Progress toward
strategies for drug control is continuing and is a constant debate between state, federal, and local
agencies. Models and data systems are in place within health care entities to determine and analyze the
prescription drug overdose impact on the population and the community most affected by this issue.
Monitoring the prescription drug overdose impact among the targeted population and community
provides trends and risk assessment information that is useful in managing the aspects of drug abuse. The
accuracy of this data must be able to support the reasons behind public health interventions improving.
Although, prescription drug overdose is only one of many epidemics affecting communities in various
areas the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign will shed light on prevention, as well as the
misuse and abuse of prescription drugs.
Managing and Addressing Prescription Overdose
Several agencies are responsible for managing and addressing the epidemic of prescription
overdose and abuse. At the State level, policymakers understand the abuse of prescription drugs is
increasing and hopes that the pharmaceutical industry would do more to develop medications that would
fill the treatment gap between prescribed drug abuse users particularly opioids, ibuprofen, and
acetaminophen. However, there was no incentive in either bill for drug companies to help fill in that void,
so the State is proceeding with solving this issue other ways. Congress put in place a program with
Medicaid and Medicare that allows patients to use a single prescriber and pharmacy (Balas, 2016).
Congress also addresses and manages this epidemic through prescription drug monitoring programs that
are effective at preventing drug abuse, diversion, and saves costs for Medicaid (Hendrikson, 2016). Not
all state agencies need funding but instead requires improvement within their program, and this is where
the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign can be useful in shining light on those
organizations that are not doing as well as others. At the local level pharmacists are addressing and
managing prescription drug overdose by educating themselves on the requirements for a valid
3
prescription. A prescription for a controlled substance must meet all the needs of the law and regulations
put in place by both federal and state.
Vital Statistics, Managed Care Data, Disease Registries
Electronic prescribing is a workflow modeling and analysis that is used to prevent prescription
overdose. This system has five stages of prescribing. The first reflects a paper-based prescribing
environment which can be phone or fax. Second, medication information captured in free text is digital,
but a prescription is handwritten. Stage three, the medication lists and renewals are generated from the
EMR for patients. The fourth phase is where the system maintains a medication list for all the patients.
Stage Five, systems include enhanced patient-specific alerts, allows nurses to access a list of medications,
and offers assistance re-dosing on the basis patient-specific criteria. Stage six is full circle prescribing and
is used without paper in between that involves generation of prescription, pharmacist’s renewal of request
and syncing of medication with regional repositories to better clinical decision support.
At first, the idea of outpatient prescribing is simple: a clinician records a prescription, a
pharmacist fills it, and the patient takes it. The workflow is often not straightforward. One person may act
in more than one role, one role may be taken on by many individuals, activities may be done by many
individuals or providers, and the workflow can change depending on how the patient’s medical status is
improving over time.
Community and Targeted Population Objectives
The community/ target population that prescription drug overdose most adversely affects
according to recent research polls by the National Institute on Drug abuse (NIDA, 2016), are from (age 18
to 25). This group is identified as the most prominent, “abusers of prescription (Rx) opioid pain relievers,
ADHD stimulants, and anti-anxiety drugs” as per (NIDA, 2016). Within 12 months the statistics have
grown to include older adults (Brodwin,2017), of the Business Insider (BI), also included adults in 2017,
the group ranged from, “45-54 had the highest death rate from a drug overdose at 30 deaths per 100,000.”
Results from NIDA, mentions several reasons for experimentation of prescription drugs. With
many Young Adults, a reason for using the legal drugs are too, “get high, or because they think it will
4
help them study better.” The study highlights that in 2014 over 1,700 (YA) died from a prescription
overdose, mainly opioids.
The BI, user’s information provided by the Center for Disease and Control (CDC), drug overdose
deaths in the U.S. from 1999 – 2015, citing that there are at least two areas that have grossly changed, the
drug use involved and the age category. The choice of the drug is heroin, and the age group moved from
young adults to slightly older adults. Brodwin, (2017) also states, “In the last 16 years, more than 183,000
Americans have died from overdoses related to prescription opioids”.
The statement includes heroin as a prescription opioid because many people, (physicians, nor
patients) know that some legally prescribed opiate narcotics are pharmaceutical-grade heroin produced in
a laboratory. ARPO is an acronym for Advocates for the Reform of Prescription Opioids has researched
prescription “painkillers” which have a high similarity to heroin. The assumption is that prescribe
medicine are safe because they are legally prescribed by their physician or by a pharmacy, as per ARPO,
“Legal does not mean safe,” (2017).
Epidemiologic Surveillance Systems
Prescription and dispensing of prescribed medication are facilitated by the state prescription and
monitoring program (PDMP). The program assists in preventing diversion of drug use which helps to
address the issue of drug overdose risks and improve health outcomes. PDMP has significantly facilitated
safer drug prescription and dispensing and has reduced drug diversion. Some of the best practices for
PDMP include an epidemiological analysis which assists in surveillance of drug abuse, evaluation
prevention methods. The program provides the prescription history reports of an individual and others
also produce data analyses relating to prescription drugs. The impact of PDMPs is enhanced by the
dissemination of this data which identifies the patient, the prescriber, and the dispenser’s information.
Geographic and time data from the PDMP can be analyzed to provide insight into the trends of legal and
illegal use of prescription drugs which is vital in the surveillance of drug abuse.
Application of epidemiology tools and methods in substance and alcohol abuse offer data patterns
which are a representative of the whole population. Numerous resources have been channeled towards
5
tracking trends in substance abuse and its long-term complications, organizations that have taken this
initiative include the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute of Drug
Abuse and the Services Administration for Mental Health and Substance Abuse (Dart et al. 2015). One of
the relevant continuing descriptive studies on drug abuse is the Monitoring the Future survey. The survey
provides information on substance abuse trends among adolescents by use of a questionnaire.
Epidemiology Tools in Addressing Trends in Disease and Health
Public health agencies would benefit in reviewing different methods and tools to fix the
prescription drug abuse problem the United States faces. One of the tools used is education. Providing
physicians and other healthcare providers the knowledge needed for certain trends and adverse effects on
controlled substances. It would also be beneficial to suggest alternate medications in place of the
controlled substance. Epidemiological surveillance would benefit the overprescribing of patient’s
controlled substances (Epidemiology and Surveillance, 2016). This surveillance process allows
researchers to analyze data to understand the impact of health risks, individual behaviors, preventive care
practices, and the burden of chronic diseases to assess the continuity of public health programs while
providing health professionals and policymakers with timely information for validity (Epidemiology and
Surveillance, 2016). Another epidemiology tool would be prevention. When a provider is aware of a
patient that may be at risk of habitually taking controlled or uncontrolled substances they could likely put
a process or procedure in place that would allow for early intervention or alternative methods to assist
with the pain that the patient may be facing (Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, 2013). Chronic
disease indicators would also benefit providers to address prescription overdose. It allows health
professionals and researchers employed under the CDC access to data that informs of chronic diseases
and other risk factors that would alert health care providers of the misuse of controlled and uncontrolled
prescribers and patients who take the medications.
Accuracy of Data to Support Public Health Interventions
Any work requires accurate data to achieve precise feedback. Health intervention is an important
aspect that helps in the introduction of new or improved gadgets and systems in health work. They are x-
6
rays, and PASS system platform for the management of digital care aid in the treatment of various
diseases. (McLellan & Turner, 2008). The Pass system, for example, helps individuals to view their
medical records, and create responses. The information needs to be accurate to reflect correct analysis to
the various users. Accurate data helps public health organizations to appropriately plan on how to
intervene on health issues among the members (Desai, Pain medicine, 2005). Community planning also
shares with other interventions. Successful means for actualizing intervention at the systems and
community level of practice, for example, identification and specification of the areas of concern,
describing the targeted population, and putting into considering implications of demography, are related
to the first step in community organization. Community organizing will frequently use social marketing
as an intervention when it is changing health behavior of a population. The organizing community is also
actualized in hand with the development intervention policy, mainly when planning intent is to adjust
strategy at the systems level.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, the prescription drug overdose epidemic is not a one resolution outcome. The
models and systems in place for this national health objective offers a gateway to understanding the risks
and challenges among the targeted populations. Each organization and health professional is responsible
for maintaining the data systems and guidelines that are in place to recognize the efforts needed to
provide better outcomes for at-risk patients. The standards and regulations are set in place by federal,
state, and local agencies and made public so that the community and affected populations know of the
programs and campaigns currently helping to lower the many lives lost to this epidemic.
7
References
Advocates for the Reform of Prescription Opioids., (2017). Prescription Opioid Narcotics and Heroin.
Retrieved from http://www.rxreform.org/prescription-opioids/similarities-to-heroin/
Barlas, S. (2016). Congress and Federal Agencies Address Opioid Abuse Epidemic, But Will New
Initiatives Be Successful? Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 41(8), 488–491.
Brodwin, E., (February 28, 2017). Deaths from opioid overdoses have jumped — and one age group is
being affected at stark rates. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/opioid-overdosedeath-statistics-2017-2016
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain
relievers—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 60(43),
1487.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a
US epidemic. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(1), 10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids
among Medicaid enrollees-Washington, 2004-2007. MMWR: Morbidity and mortality weekly
report, 58(42), 1171-1175.
Dart, R. C., Surratt, H. L., Cicero, T. J., Parrino, M. W., Severtson, S. G., Bucher-Bartelson, B.,
Green, J. L. (2015). Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United
England Journal of Medicine, 372(3), 241-248.
&
States. New
8
Enteen, L., Bauer, J., McLean, R., Wheeler, E., Huriaux, E., Kral, A. H., & Bamberger, J. D. (2010).
Overdose prevention and naloxone prescription for opioid users in San Francisco. Journal of
Urban Health, 87(6), 931-941.
Epidemiology and Surveillance. (2016, April 20). Retrieved from CDC Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coordinatedchronic/epidemiology-surveillance.html
Hedegaard, H; Warner, M., and Miniño, A.M., Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2015.
NCHS Data Brief No. 273, February 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db273.htm
Hendrikson, H. (2016, February). Prescription for Pain Management 10 State Strategies. In National
Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from
http://www.ncsl.org/documents/health/PainManagement216.pdf
National Institute of Drug Abuse., (February 2016). Abuse of Prescription (Rx) Drugs Affects Young
Adults Most. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trendsstatistics/infographics/abuse-prescription-rx-drugs-affects-young-adults-most
Paulozzi, L. J., Kilbourne, E. M., & Desai, H. A. (2011). Prescription drug monitoring programs and
death rates from drug overdose. Pain Medicine, 12(5), 747-754.
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.astho.org/Rx/BrandeisPDMP-Report/
9
Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid
overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of
1323.
Transplantation, 16(4),
1
Health Campaign Part One
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there is a vast increase in opioid-related
overdoses in recent years with more than a 6% increase in one year (Balas, 2016). Progress toward
strategies for drug control is continuing and is a constant debate between state, federal, and local
agencies. Models and data systems are in place within health care entities to determine and analyze the
prescription drug overdose impact on the population and the community most affected by this issue.
Monitoring the prescription drug overdose impact among the targeted population and community
provides trends and risk assessment information that is useful in managing the aspects of drug abuse. The
accuracy of this data must be able to support the reasons behind public health interventions improving.
Although, prescription drug overdose is only one of many epidemics affecting communities in various
areas the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign will shed light on prevention, as well as the
misuse and abuse of prescription drugs.
Managing and Addressing Prescription Overdose
Several agencies are responsible for managing and addressing the epidemic of prescription
overdose and abuse. At the State level, policymakers understand the abuse of prescription drugs is
increasing and hopes that the pharmaceutical industry would do more to develop medications that would
fill the treatment gap between prescribed drug abuse users particularly opioids, ibuprofen, and
acetaminophen. However, there was no incentive in either bill for drug companies to help fill in that void,
so the State is proceeding with solving this issue other ways. Congress put in place a program with
Medicaid and Medicare that allows patients to use a single prescriber and pharmacy (Balas, 2016).
Congress also addresses and manages this epidemic through prescription drug monitoring programs that
are effective at preventing drug abuse, diversion, and saves costs for Medicaid (Hendrikson, 2016). Not
all state agencies need funding but instead requires improvement within their program, and this is where
the Prescription Drug Overdose Awareness Campaign can be useful in shining light on those
organizations that are not doing as well as others. At the local level pharmacists are addressing and
managing prescription drug overdose by educating themselves on the requirements for a valid
2
prescription. A prescription for a controlled substance must meet all the needs of the law and regulations
put in place by both federal and state.
Vital Statistics, Managed Care Data, Disease Registries
Electronic prescribing is a workflow modeling and analysis that is used to prevent prescription
overdose. This system has five stages of prescribing. The first reflects a paper-based prescribing
environment which can be phone or fax. Second, medication information captured in free text is digital,
but a prescription is handwritten. Stage three, the medication lists and renewals are generated from the
EMR for patients. The fourth phase is where the system maintains a medication list for all the patients.
Stage Five, systems include enhanced patient-specific alerts, allows nurses to access a list of medications,
and offers assistance re-dosing on the basis patient-specific criteria. Stage six is full circle prescribing and
is used without paper in between that involves generation of prescription, pharmacist’s renewal of request
and syncing of medication with regional repositories to better clinical decision support.
At first, the idea of outpatient prescribing is simple: a clinician records a prescription, a
pharmacist fills it, and the patient takes it. The workflow is often not straightforward. One person may act
in more than one role, one role may be taken on by many individuals, activities may be done by many
individuals or providers, and the workflow can change depending on how the patient’s medical status is
improving over time.
Community and Targeted Population Objectives
The community/ target population that prescription drug overdose most adversely affects
according to recent research polls by the National Institute on Drug abuse (NIDA, 2016), are from (age 18
to 25). This group is identified as the most prominent, “abusers of prescription (Rx) opioid pain relievers,
ADHD stimulants, and anti-anxiety drugs” as per (NIDA, 2016). Within 12 months the statistics have
grown to include older adults (Brodwin,2017), of the Business Insider (BI), also included adults in 2017,
the group ranged from, “45-54 had the highest death rate from a drug overdose at 30 deaths per 100,000.”
Results from NIDA, mentions several reasons for experimentation of prescription drugs. With
many Young Adults, a reason for using the legal drugs are too, “get high, or because they think it will
3
help them study better.” The study highlights that in 2014 over 1,700 (YA) died from a prescription
overdose, mainly opioids.
The BI, user’s information provided by the Center for Disease and Control (CDC), drug overdose
deaths in the U.S. from 1999 – 2015, citing that there are at least two areas that have grossly changed, the
drug use involved and the age category. The choice of the drug is heroin, and the age group moved from
young ad …
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