Expert answer:Comparative Assessment of Family Theories Paper
Expert answer:Students will complete a paper comparing a one of Family of Origin, Structural or Strategic TO one of Solution-focused, Narrative or Cognitive Behavioral Part I: Description of family therapy model.Discuss the theories underlying the model of therapy, key concepts, goals of therapy and therapist rolePart II – Describe a specific stressful event, crisis, or trauma experience by a family or your family (different than Exploration of Personal family Paper)Part III – Integration of the two chosen models of family therapy on how the models would approach resolving the chosen family event.No less than 7 pages and no more than 10 – not including bibliography.Integrate readings from course or other journal articles other than the 2 textbooksComparative Family Therapy Models PaperCriteriaRatingsPtsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDescription of Theories: Both a psychodynamic and a postmodern theory are presented. The description of each theory is clear and incorporates course content.5.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeFamily Stressor: A specific stressor that impacts families is presented. There is a discussion of how each theory the student is discussing views this stressor in relation to the family.4.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCritical Analysis and Discussion: The student compares and contrasts both theories presented in the paper related to their approach to an intervention based on the stressor the family is experiencing. Each theories perspective regarding the meaning of the family’s reaction to the stressor are discussed. The student addresses issues such as oppression and privilege related to how the theories presented would address these issues.8.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting & APA Format: How the student conveys and articulates their thoughts in writing. Written expression that is honest, that displays an affective/intellectual and logical component, as well as shows scholarship (that learning has occurred on the class subject) is what is being assessed here. Writing quality is also assessed here as this impacts the clarity of what the student is sharing with the reader. Number of sources required for this assignment are met or exceeded. It is important in terms of scholarship and having a professional standard that students use the American Psychological Association (APA) style in writing and citing sources.3.0 ptsTotal Points: 20.0
family_therapy_models_and_techniques___janice_m._rasheed___mikal_n._rasheed___james_a._marley.pdf
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FAMILY THERAPY
2
FAMILY THERAPY
MODELS AND TECHNIQUES
Janice M. Rasheed
Loyola University Chicago
Mikal N. Rasheed
Chicago State University
James A. Marley
Loyola University Chicago
3
Copyright © 2011 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
For information:
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rasheed, Janice M. (Janice Matthews)
Family therapy : models and techniques / Janice M. Rasheed, Mikal N. Rasheed,
James A Marley.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-0574-9 (cloth: alk. paper)
1. Family psychotherapy. I. Rasheed, Mikal N. (Mikal Nazir) II. Marley, James
A. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Family Therapy—methods. 2. Family—psychology. 3. Models,
Psychological. 4. Psychological Theory. WM 430.5.F2 R224f 2011]
RC488.5.R355 2011
616.89′156—dc22
2010020637
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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4
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5
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Introduction and Background
1. The History of Family Therapy: Conceptual and Clinical Influences
The Progressive Era and Emerging Concerns About the Family
The Emergence of Professional Social Work
Charity Organization Society
Settlement House Movement
The Early Research on Group Dynamics
The Marriage Counseling Movement
The Child Guidance Movement
From the Autonomous Self to the Relational Self: Changing Perspectives
in Psychodynamic Theory
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology
Harry Stack Sullivan, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, and Interpersonal
Analysis
The Impact of Sociological Theory in the History of Family Therapy
Structural/Functional Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Systems, Cybernetics, Communications, and Ecological Theories: Their
Impact on Family Therapy
Systems and Cybernetics Theory
Mental Research Institute and Communication Systems Theory
Schizophrenia and the Family System: Areas of Research
Theodore Lidz: Schizophrenia and Disturbed Marital Relationships
Murray Bowen: Schizophrenia as a Family Process
Lyman Wynne at the National Institute of Mental Health
6
Research to Practice: Clinical Applications
Moving Through the Generational History of Family Therapy
Approaches
First-Generation Family Therapies: Structural/Functional Practice Models
Nathan Ackerman and Psychodynamic Family Therapy
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy and Contextual Family Therapy
John Elderkin Bell and Group Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin and Structural Family Therapy
First-Generation Family Therapies: Communicative/Interactive Practice
Models
Carl Whitaker and the Symbolic Experiential Approach
Virginia Satir and Humanistic Family Therapy
Jay Haley and Strategic Family Therapy
The Milan Group
Gender and Multicultural Issues: A Critique of First-Generation Family
Therapies
Gender and Family Therapy
Multiculturalism and Family Therapy
The Ecological Systems Perspective: Broadening the View of the Family
Postmodern Thought and Second-Generation Family Therapies
Solution-Focused Approach
Narrative Approach
The Emerging Third-Generation Perspective: Evidence-Based Approaches
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
2. The Ecology of Families: A Systems/Developmental Perspective
The Changing Family
The Myth of the Declining Family
A Working Definition of the Family
The Social Ecology of Families
A Systems Approach to Understanding Families
Principles of Systems Theory
The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
The Interdependence of Family Relationships
Circular Causality
Family Homeostasis
Family Boundaries and Subsystems
7
Family Roles
Family Rules
Strategies for Maintaining the Family System
Identity Formation
Socialization Tasks
Boundary Maintenance Tasks
Promoting the Health and Welfare Task
The Family Life Cycle
Stages of Family Development
Marriage/Couple/Pair Bonding
Families With Young Children
Families With School-Aged Children
Families With Teenagers
Families With Young People Leaving Home
Boomerang Stage
Middle-Aged Parents
Aging Family Members
Family Stress: An Integration of Systems and Developmental Theory
The Circumplex Model
Family Cohesion
Family Flexibility
Family Communication
Characteristics of Healthy and Dysfunctional Families
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
3. Ethnicity and Family Life
Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Understanding Culture
Race Versus Ethnicity
The Complexity of Ethnic Identity
Ethnicity as Culture
Ethnicity as Identity
Ethnicity as Minority Status
Enculturation, Acculturation, and Family Ethnic Identity
The Experience of Ethnic Minority Families
Asian Americans
Demographics
8
The Model Minority
Traditional Cultural Values
Immigration and Acculturation
Family Help-Seeking Patterns and Behaviors
Native Americans
Demographics
History of Oppression
Family Help-Seeking Patterns and Behaviors
Latino Americans
Demographics
Ethnic Identity: Hispanic or Latino?
Language as a Shared Identity
Latinos: A Racially Mixed Ethnic Group
Cultural Values in Relation to Family Structure
Spirituality and Spiritualism
Help-Seeking Patterns in Latino Families
African American Families
Defining the African American Family
What Is in a Name?
Cultural Values in Relation to Family Structure
Family Help-Seeking Patterns and Behaviors
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
Part II: Models of Family Therapy
4. Communications/Humanistic Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figure
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Concept 1: The Family of Origin’s Influence
Concept 2: Families as Systems
Concept 3: Low Self-Esteem/Self-Worth
Concept 4: Resources of the Whole Person
Concept 5: The Therapist and His or Her Beliefs
Theories and Concepts
Dysfunctional Communication
Incongruent Communication Messages
Metacommunication
9
Double-Bind Message
Family Rules and Roles
Family Myths and Secrets
Goals of Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
Overview of Satir’s Therapeutic Process
Stage 1: Making Contact
Stage 2: Disturbing the Status Quo
Stage 3: Integration of New Skills
Tools and Techniques
Using Techniques in Context: Knowing Where to Tap
Family Sculpture
Family Metaphor
Family Drama
Reframing/Relabeling
Humor
Touch
Communication Stances
Family Stress Ballet
Simulated Family
Ropes as a Therapeutic Tool
Anatomy of a Relationship
Family Reconstruction
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
NOTES
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
5. Family of Origin Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figures
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Theories and Concepts
Triangles
Nuclear Family Emotional Process
Emotional Distance
Marital Conflict
Transmission of the Problem to a Child
10
Dysfunction in a Spouse
Family Projection Process
Multigenerational Transmission Process
Differentiation of Self
Sibling Position
Emotional Cutoff
Emotional Processes in Society
Goals of Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
The Family Evaluation Interview
Tools and Techniques
The Genogram
Emotional Neutrality/De-triangulation
The Process Question
Relationship Experiments
The “I” Position
Didactic Teaching
Role Playing
Journaling
Letter Writing
Coaching
The Bowenian Conference
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
6. Structural Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figures
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Family Structure
Family Subsystems
1. Spousal Subsystem
2. Parental Subsystem
3. Sibling Subsystem
Boundaries
1. Clear Boundaries
2. Diffuse Boundaries
11
3. Rigid Boundaries
Other Theories and Concepts
Pathology of Boundaries
Pathology of Alliances
Pathology of Triads
Pathology of Hierarchy
Structural Mapping
Goals of Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
Joining and Accommodating
Structural Diagnosis and Assessing Family Interaction
Challenging the Symptom and Reframing the Presenting Problem
Making Structural Changes
Techniques
Creating Affective Intensity
Crisis Induction
Hierarchies
Maintenance
Making Boundaries
Search for Strengths
Support, Education, and Guidance
Task Assignments
Tracking
Unbalancing
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
7. Strategic Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figures
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Concepts
Family Homeostasis
First-Order and Second-Order Changes
Circular Causality
Paradoxical Interventions
Goals of Therapy
12
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
1. Introduction to the Treatment Setup
2. Inquiry and Definition of the Problem
3. Estimation of the Behavior Maintaining the Problem
4. Setting Goals for Treatment
5. Selecting and Making Behavioral Interventions
6. Termination
Tools and Techniques
Assessment
Stage 1: The Social Stage
Stage 2: The Problem Stage
Stage 3: The Interaction Stage
Stage 4: The Goal-Setting Stage
Directives
Ordeals
Rituals
Positive Connotations
Pretending
Circular Questioning
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
8. Solution-Focused Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figures
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Concepts
Clients/Families as Experts
Exceptions
Dominant Narrative
Language
Goals of Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
Tools and Techniques
Questions
Compliments
13
Formula First Session Task
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
9. Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figures
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Concepts
Learned Responses
Consequences
Shaping
Schemas
Goals of Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
Tools and Techniques
Contracts
Coaching
Functional Assessment
Homework
Contingency Management
Contingency Contracting
Premack Principle
Token Economies
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
10. Narrative Family Therapy
Background and Leading Figures
Philosophical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Underpinnings
Concepts
Dominant Beliefs
Discourse
14
Externalization
Problem-Saturated Stories
Deconstruction
Goals of Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Process of Therapy
Tools and Techniques
Externalizing Conversations
Questions
Relative Influence Questions
Strengths Questions
Discourse Questions
Change Questions
Storytelling
Reauthoring
Letters
Cultural Assumptions
Case Illustration
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
Part III: Clinical Issues in Family Therapy
11. Phases of Family Therapy
Initial Phase Issues
Presession Planning
The Referral Process and Intake Information
The Initial Telephone Call and Setting the First Appointment
Planning for the Initial Interview and Presession Hypotheses
Getting Started: The Initial Interview
Engagement
Therapist’s Use of Self
Assessment and Data Gathering
Goal Setting With the Family and Planning for the Intervention
Goal Setting
Planning the Intervention
Formulating the Contract
Middle Phase of Therapy
15
Implementation of the Intervention
Roles of the Therapist
Ecological Practice and Use of Collaterals
Basic Skills and Techniques
Managing Conflict
Teaching Problem-Solving and Communication Skills
Resistance in Families
Working With Involuntary Families
End Phase Issues
Termination
Planning for Termination
Unplanned Termination
Recognizing Termination
The Therapist’s Reaction to Termination
Relapse Prevention and the Follow-up Plan
SUMMARY
NOTE
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
12. Families in Transition: Alternative Family Patterns
Forming the Family: The Couple System
Selecting a Partner
Characteristics of Successful Couple Relationships
Detecting Relationships in Trouble
Couples Who Divorce
Divorce as a Process
The Emotional Divorce
The Legal Divorce
The Economic Divorce
The Coparent Divorce
The Community Divorce
The Psychic Divorce
The Religious or Spiritual Divorce
Therapeutic Concerns in Divorce
The Predivorce Decision-Making Phase
The Restructuring Phase
The Postdivorce Recovery Stage
The Single-Parent Family
16
The Challenges for Single Parents
Child Care Responsibilities
Economic Challenges
The Noncustodial Parent
Changes in Boundaries and Roles in Single-Parent Families
Clinical Interventions With Single Parents
Restructuring the Family
Becoming a Stepfamily
Variety of Stepfamily Configurations
Impact of Past Experiences
Family Structure
Parenting Concerns
Counseling Issues With Stepfamilies
Cohabitation
Gay and Lesbian Families
Counseling Issues For Gay and Lesbian Families
Families With Gay and Lesbian Children
Integrative Family Therapy
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
13. Family Stress, Crisis, and Trauma: Building Family Resilience
Understanding Stress
Individual Strategies to Decrease Stress and Burnout
Family Stress Adaptation Theories
ABC-X Model of Family Stress
The Double ABC-X Model
Mundane Extreme Environmental Stress Model
From Family Stress to Family Crisis
The “Face” of Trauma
Trauma-Informed Clinical Interventions
The Impact of Trauma on Relationships and Family Life
The Impact of Trauma on the Family
Complex Trauma and the Family
Intrafamily Trauma: Family Violence and Alcoholism
Family Violence
Domestic Violence
Clinical Issues in Treating Family Violence
17
Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Family Trauma
Treatment Issues
Family Adaptation and Resilience
Interventions Supporting Resiliency
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
14. Family Therapy Research: Implications for the Practicing Family
Therapist
Overview/History of Family Therapy Research
Issues in Family Therapy Research
Conceptual Issues
Methodological Issues
Ethical Issues
Recruitment of Research Participants and Protection From Harm
Informed Consent
Confidentiality and Mandated Reporting
Families From Diverse Ethnic/Cultural Communities
Family Therapy Process Research
Family Therapy Outcome Research
Family Therapy Assessment Tools for Research
Evidence-Based Practice and Family Therapy
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED READINGS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
AAMFT Code of Ethics
Index
About the Authors
18
PREFACE
There was one driving purpose that inspired the writing of this book, and
that was to write a family therapy text that would prepare students to
actually begin the practice of family therapy. We wanted students to have a
comprehensive and working knowledge of the field that would prepare them
to become family therapists with the supervision of a professionally trained
family therapist. Our goal in the formulation of the outline and content of this
textbook was to go beyond a general overview of models and present a
step-by-step description of theories, concepts, skills, and techniques of each
family therapy model that is extensive and complete in its presentation and
discussion. In addition, in order to facilitate a depth of understanding of
each model, the authors have also provided a history of each model
(background, origin, and leading figures), as well as a description of the
conceptual and theoretical underpinnings.
In essence, this is a student-driven and student-oriented book written for
students, trainees, and practitioners who seek to become family therapists
(and/or to enhance their understanding of the practice of family therapy).
Every aspect of this text considers the content that is needed to provide
training for practice in this field. Our philosophy is that instructors
(educators, trainers, and supervisors) should seek to develop their students
and trainees as family therapists to whom they would actually go for their
own family therapy. This should be the litmus test in preparing students for
family therapy, and this book seeks to facilitate that goal.
This textbook is written in a user-friendly manner and is easy to
understand in its straightforward presentation of content. In addition, the
language used in this book is not overly technical and convoluted, and the
text was written for students and trainees of family therapy. Hence, the
reader is not overwhelmed and/or distracted by excessive jargon that does
not contribute to the understanding and comprehensiveness of the material.
This book is also practical while including key content that is needed for a
comprehensive coverage of the material. Researchers, theorists, and
19
academicians will appreciate the comprehensiveness of the content;
however, this text was written for students and trainees of family therapy.
This comprehensive text presents the history of family therapy, a
systems/developmental perspective on families, a description of families in
transition and alternative family patterns, a discussion of ethnicity and
family life, the impact of stress and trauma on families, clinical issues that
are unique to family therapy practice, major models of family therapy (with
each model presenting extensive case illustrations of a family interview;
more on this feature is discussed below), and the implications of family
therapy research on family therapy practice.
This book on family therapy is unique in several respects in that we
address gaps in family therapy literature. The first of these gaps is that our
text covers (in detail) generic clinical issues that are specific to family
therapy practice but are not addressed in models of family therapy. There is
a significant amount of literature on general clinical issues and the
implication for individual therapy (engagement, goal setting, resistance and
termination, etc.). However, the literature on general clinical issues and
their implication for family therapy is sparse and scattered. In Chapter 11
our book provides an expanded coverage of these issues: presession
planning (planning for the initial interview, etc.), initial phase issues
(engagement, therapist’s use of self, goal setting, etc.), middle phase issues
(managing conflict and resistance, etc.), and end phase issues (termination,
relapse prevention, the follow-up plan, etc.)—to name a few. These clinical
skills and techniques are not specially addressed and/or not addressed in
sufficient detail but are common across models of family therapy. This
chapter outlines these skills to assist the family therapist in managing the
complexities of family interaction and intervention.
Virginia Satir is considered to be one of the pioneer family therapists.
Her communications/humanistic family therapy model is intrinsic and
speaks to the heart of interventions with families—their communication. To
some extent, other models of family therapy address the fundamental issue
of communication between and among family members; however, their focus
and philosophies may be different. That being said, this book presents a
complete description of Satir’s family therapy model. Her philosophy (key
to understanding Satir’s model), along with her concepts, theories, and
techniques, is presented in full. This endeavor was a labor of love in that
the authors are excited about the possibility of bringing Satir’s family
therapy model back to “center …
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