Expert answer:Cikr Research Paper
Expert answer:For this writing assignment, both questions need to be addressed: Your response for question 1 should be 4-5 pages in length. Your paper must include a “reference page” not included in the 4-5 page minimum.Using your CIKR paper from attached file below, continue the risk analysis of your CIKR being impacted by a natural disaster, terrorism or technological event. Answer the following questions for each type of event: (1) what can happen? (2) How likely is it? (3) What are the consequences? When completed with the analysis, report findings and steps you would take make your CIKR more risk adverse. Use the Qualitative Analysis found in Ch. 10 to help create a matrix.Your response to question two should be 2-pages in length. Be sure to include the perceived impact of the event on the Homeland Security landscape, your opinion of the event, and defense of your opinion. Your paper must include a “reference page” not included in the 2-page minimum.Current Events: Current Event assignments are designed to give you an opportunity to critically examine contemporary Homeland Security issues related to Emergency Response, Disaster Mitigation, Prevention, and Preparedness. You are challenged to find news articles, press releases, industry announcements, etc. that impact some aspect of Homeland Security. National and international events may be used, but MUST be related to Emergency Response, Disaster Mitigation, Prevention, and Preparedness. Resources for Assessment: Textbook Reading: Introduction to Homeland Security, chapter 10 This activity is matched to the following Learning Outcomes: Examine and discuss the four phases of disaster management. Analyze and discuss the basic risk analysis principles. *Introduction, Conclusion, and subheadings are mandatory *No Plagiarism *APA format
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Running Head: CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES
Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Introduction
Critical infrastructure and key resources is the man-made and natural resources as
well as their processing. They are the core resources and the nation cannot function without
it. Agricultural systems, where the community members cultivate crops and keep livestock,
this acts as a source of food to us, transportation systems is also available, it includes road
transport, railways as well as airways, this acts as a means of movement of goods and people
from one point to another; Energy is also a critical infrastructure which reinforces the
production and enables for the continuation of other activities in the nation; finally we have a
communication system which enables for transmission of information from one point to
another (Bush, 2003).
Transportation as a critical infrastructure
The transportation system is always aligned with critical infrastructure sector which
encompasses financial facilities and emergency response services. The suitable infrastructure
sector for this is transportation systems sector; this sector will ensure accurate identification
of sector specific agencies by the users. Those in the private sector derive their business
activities from the transportation industry (Bush, 2003). This is their primary business
activity. This helps in the provision of consultation and regulation of the transport services.
The sector also ensures that the laws and regulation put in place are adhered to incident for
the purpose of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the critical infrastructure and key
resources.
Federal Office Buildings as CIKR and Their Public Private Partnership Structure
Terrorism is a significant threat to buildings owned and leased by the federal, the civil
servants and military personnel’s who work there, and also the public who visit them. For
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example, September 11, 2001, attacks the World Trade Centre and Pentagon, the 1998
embassy bombings in Africa, Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. Above 8,000 buildings
owned and controlled by SGA are leased nationwide and occupy about 338 million square
feet of space. The properties include court houses, office buildings, border stations and other
facility types; they represent the about 6 per cent of all area owned by the federal government
worldwide and 39 per cent of all federally leased space worldwide. GSA also owns the major
departmental headquarters in Washington, D.C., such as the department of state, justice and
internal coordination. Also other multi agency federal office buildings in the central cities,
such as New york, Chicago and the Federal Courthouse in the country (Wise, 2002).
Many threats are a challenge for GSA as the landlord and these buildings owner;
therefore, they have to maintain a proper level of security without limiting the public to get to
federal offices for services they need from the government. The federal government should
work with all the stake holders and other jurisdictions that have interest in the type of security
provided and also Securing access to privately owned buildings and space where GSA lease
for federal agencies. In situations where GSA does not have control over the buildings, the
government has to provide law enforcement and security related functions. It’s a major
challenge for GSA to balance public’s access to government offices for services but also
prevent people who have intentions of harming those in the buildings (Wise, 2002). Local
organizations also cooperate with FPS by allowing them to link their radio systems to
enhance communication between the involved entities.
Risk Assessment and Management and activities effectiveness evaluation
The increased cost of oil poses a great challenge in transport CIKR. Due to continued
depletion of oil globally in their reserves hence increased cost of transportation. Major
transport elements in transport CIKR are highly affected by elements such as snow, mist and
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES
fog. Hurricanes and eruptions of volcanic mountains which may sediment on the roads also is
a threat to transport CIKR. Terrorist activities pose a major threat in transportation, these
activities were only limited to air transport but have been extended to other means of
transport such as road, rail and maritime transport (Schoch-Spana & Courtney, 2008).
Inadequate and unskilled manpower in transport industry is a big problem; this is
because many youths in the current generation are opting for white collar jobs forcing the US
government to import manpower from other countries and continents in order to meet the
growing demand for manpower, which may therefore result in recruitment of unskilled
workers.
Vulnerabilities
In the transportation CIKR; health and safety issues are the major vulnerabilities. This
is caused by fatigue and possible carbon emissions resulting from fuel combustion. Obesity
may result from long travelling hours and poor health in general. Safety is the one of the main
threat due to high accidents which may lead to death or even serious injuries. Poor legislation
has resulted in most employees opting out in the transport CIKR hence ineffectiveness in the
industry. This is because these formulated policies have always favoured users at the expense
of the owners.
Activities to help manage risk
Fossil energy alternatives can be used to supplement the oil energy hence reducing the
energy prices globally. Research programs have been ventured into the bio fuels production
as an effective and an alternative source of energy. There has also been development of
hybrid engines which plays an important role in minimizing transportation cost. Terror
attacks can be minimized and eliminated by introducing policies, regulations and practices
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES
(Nadai & Padanyi, 2016). This includes security checks such as screening, biometric
identification as well as well as provision of adequate security.
The employees can be compensated through implementation of effective policies in
transportation CIKR as well as safeguarding their interests. These regulations will serve to
minimize health and safety vulnerabilities. Transport policies and regulations will also play
an important role in the minimization of security issues by managing for example, speed and
competency. Technological developments as a result of innovation will also play an
important role. Mechanical advancements are a huge part in the minimization of security
issues through insightful vehicle drives that guide’s vehicle route.
Evaluating the effectiveness of these activities
Using fossil fuel as an effective alternative for example bio fuels will aid in
minimizing the transportation costs. In cases where fossil fuels don’t apply, the solution is
then considered ineffective. Weather forecasting is very important in that it ensures minimal
risks are incurred and threats associated with transportation. This is based on the accuracy of
forecast for example heavy rainfalls and presence of snow, fog among others (Nadai, &
Padanyi, 2016).
In conclusion, terrorists always look vulnerabilities that they can use to attack this
great nation thus the federal government has a crucial role in protecting our national icons
and monument that could be attacked for symbolic reasons and ensure the safety of the
millions of people visiting them. Significant progress has been made by the agencies
responsible in improving security. For this to happen there should be vulnerability assessment
of high profile sites that are likely to be targeted and more security measures should be
implemented.
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References
Bush, G.W. (2003). The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical
Infrastructures and Key Assets. Retrieved From
http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA413033
Wise, C. R. (2002). Organizing for Homeland Security. Retrieved From
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0033-3352.00164/full
Schoch-Spana, M. & Courtney, B. (2008). Community Resilience Roundtable on the
Implementation of Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21 (HSPD-21).
Retrieved From
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bsp.2008.0809?journalCode=bsp
Nadai, L. & Padanyi, J. (2016). Critical infrastructure protection research: Results of the first
critical infrastructure protection research project in Hungary.
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