Expert answer:Body Revision
Expert answer:Body Paragraphs: You will revise the body section of your paper based on feedback received from your professor in Unit
VI. Please review here the guidelines for the body section of your research paper: This section will include three to four
paragraphs comprised of five to seven sentences each. Each paragraph should be between 150-200 words. At a
minimum, this portion of the paper should be 450-600 words (for three to four paragraphs); a body section of this length
will meet the minimum requirements of the assignment. Revisions must be substantive and should be made in
accordance with the direction given by the professor’s feedback. The following components must be included in each
body paragraph (in the following order).
Sentence 1: Point/reason sentence: This topic sentence will contain one of your reasons.
Sentence 2: Explanation: In this sentence, you will provide information that further develops or explains Sentence 1.
Sentence 3: Illustration: This sentence introduces evidence that supports the reason that is presented in Sentence 1.
Sentence 4: Explanation of the illustration: Because the evidence does not necessarily stand on its own, you need to
provide explanation so that the reader will understand how you interpreted the evidence to come to your reason.
Sentences 5-6: Second illustration and explanation (optional): You may choose to include a second piece of evidence
that is then followed by an explanation.
Last Sentence: Transition: In this sentence, you will signal to the reader that you will be moving on to another point in
the next paragraph. You do this to ease the movement from one point to another.
Be sure to include the introduction and literature review you have already created and revised.
Use APA conventions to cite and reference all sources used to support your argument.
jim_crow_body_paragraphs.docx
literature_review_revision.docx
bodyparagraphswithnotes.pdf
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Running Head: JIM CROW
1
Living Under Jim Crow
Alvin Hayes
Columbia Southern University
2
JIM CROW
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state legislation
that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United States. Passed by
white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after the end of the
Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th century when the
civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow laws were
controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas there were
some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow laws
supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless, opponents
claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against African-Americans and all
people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of racial apartheid that ruled
the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily life, requiring segregation of
libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among other public places. Jim Crow
was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean any local legislation enacted in
the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks. Jim Crow laws were founded on
the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued
late-19th century, racism fascinated whites who feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to
blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused African-Americans to win votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or
playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the Louisiana
General Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together
3
JIM CROW
on trains. Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme Court
in the late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites and
blacks could be ‘separate but equal.’ Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be separated from
whites. The Jin Crow laws were fair to others but unfair to some sect of the society particularly
the African Americans.
Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws
Several authors have written a number of scholarly journals and peer-reviewed articles
regarding the Jim Crow laws. These authors have provided a background to the legislation, its
effects on affected parties-both whites and blacks, and how it prompted conflicts and clashes
between whites and blacks. Authors have based their articles on previous works of scholars and
philosophers in the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century. This section will incorporate the various
aspects and perspectives of authors regarding the Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as
the opponents and proponents of these laws are concerned. The Jim Craw laws should never have
been enacted because they were limited the freedom of the emancipated African Americans
through restricting their movement and forcing them into labor economy that was based on low
wages and debt.
Opposition of Jim Craw Laws
Immediately after the end of the Civil War and implementation of the 13th Amendment,
many states of the former Confederacy enacted Black Codes, legislation designed by former
slaves. This legislation was planned to restrict the new independence of liberated blacks by
limiting their movement and by coercing them into a labor economy grounded on low income and
debt. According to Bennett (2016), the Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the North and
JIM CROW
4
prompted the Congress to put the former Confederate states under Army protection during
Reconstruction. Nonetheless, despite the attempt of the Congress, many laws limiting the
liberation of blacks were still implemented. Typically, the Black Codes established the basis for
the frameworks of customs and laws backing a framework of white supremacy that would be called
Jim Crow to (Bennett, 2016). The Jim Crow laws acted as the beginning of the prejudice and
tribulations that African Americans were subjected to. The next segment will explain one of the
aspect of Jim Crow legislation-‘separate but equal’.
The Jim Crow laws marked the beginning of the end of racial segregation in America.
Essentially, this legislation promoted racial discrimination and prejudice and was largely opposed
by the people of color. Tischauser (2012), claims that because politicians and administrators in the
South ignored the outcry of the blacks, the people of color decided to take things in their hands
and started the civil rights movement and other campaigns that criticized and opposed racial
segregation in the United States. In 1955, for instance, Rosa Louise Parks declined to obey the
demand of a bus driver that she surrender her seat to a white person. She was later arrested and
imprisoned (Tischauser, 2012).
When Parks accepted to have her case challenged, it became a cause célèbre in the conquest
against Jim Crow legislation. Her hearing for this conduct of civil defiance prompted the
Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the most effective mass campaigns against racial segregation in
the history of United States, and initiated Martin Luther King to the lead of the civil rights
movement that steered peaceful demonstrations against Jim Crow legislation (Tischauser, 2012).
Majority of local and state governments enacted the ‘Jim Crow’ laws that required
‘separate but equal’ position for blacks. Jim Crow legislation was ordinances and doctrines
5
JIM CROW
developed between the 1870s and 1960s to segregate black and white races in the Southern part of
the United States. According to Katagiri (2014), theoretically, this legislation established ‘separate
but equal’ treatment. However, in practice, this legislation subjected African Americans to
prejudice and considered them second-class citizens who are inferior. Public facilities like
restaurants and parks were segregated as was education. In other words, the Jim Crow laws resulted
in accommodations and treatment that were inferior to those offered to the whites. Although
opponents of the Jim Crow laws argue that the legislation promoted racial discrimination and
prejudice, the proponents have completely different perspective of the legislation. The following
section will address some of the views of the proponents of the Jim Crow laws.
Support for Jim Craw Laws
Indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation but it did not entail discrimination
or prejudice. Instead, the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy. Klarman
(2004) states that most African-Americans during the late 19th century were free as slavery were
abolished earlier. Therefore, they were free and allowed to work as well as own properties.
Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and economic differences and their differing
perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that they should be allowed to interact amongst
themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves held grudges against whites who had enslaved
them and were their masters. As a result, the politicians and other political and economic leaders
assumed that these grudges and perceptions held by people of color against whites could result in
conflicts and unnecessary clashes. Therefore, the enactment of the Jim Crow laws prevented such
conflicts and ensured that black and white people interact with people they could easily relate to
and identify with (Klarman, 2004).
6
JIM CROW
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders
but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in public facilities
such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in churches and other religious
systems. For instance, African Americans were required to sit in different rows from whites.
Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white people since
they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial since it promoted
racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The impacts of these laws were heavily
felt on the Africans than any other race in the United States. Although some of the authors are in
the opinion that these laws were fair and contributed a great deal in the United States, these laws
brought about Black Codes which outraged public opinion in the North and restricted the
movement and freedom of the African Americans. These black codes were seen to have laid a
strong foundation to the system and laws and customs supporting repressive laws that limited the
rights and freedom of the African Americans.
7
JIM CROW
References
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW
1
Literature Review
Alvin Hayes
Columbia Southern University
12-12-17
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state legislation
that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United States. Passed by
white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after the end of the
Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th century when the
civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow laws were
controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas there were
some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow laws
supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless, opponents
claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against African-Americans and all
people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of racial apartheid that ruled
the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily life, requiring segregation of
libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among other public places. Jim Crow
was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean any local legislation enacted in
the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks. Jim Crow laws were founded on
the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued
late-19th century, racism fascinated whites who feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to
blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused African-Americans to win votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or
playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the Louisiana
General Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
on trains. Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme Court
in the late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites and
blacks could be ‘separate but equal.’ Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be separated from
whites. The Jin Crow laws were fair to others but unfair to some sect of the society particularly
the African Americans.
Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws
Several authors have written a number of scholarly journals and peer-reviewed articles
regarding the Jim Crow laws. These authors have provided a background to the legislation, its
effects on affected parties-both whites and blacks, and how it prompted conflicts and clashes
between whites and blacks. Authors have based their articles on previous works of scholars and
philosophers in the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century. This section will incorporate the various
aspects and perspectives of authors regarding the Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as
the opponents and proponents of these laws are concerned. The Jim Craw laws should never have
been enacted because they were limited the freedom of the emancipated African Americans
through restricting their movement and forcing them into labor economy that was based on low
wages and debt.
Literature Review
Opposition of Jim Craw Laws
According to Bennett (2016), immediately after the end of the Civil War and
implementation of the 13th Amendment, many states of the former Confederacy enacted Black
Codes, legislation designed by former slaves. This legislation was planned to restrict the new
independence of liberated blacks by limiting their movement and by coercing them into a labor
economy grounded on low income and debt. The Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the North
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
and prompted the Congress to put the former Confederate states under Army protection during
Reconstruction. Nonetheless, many laws limiting the liberation of blacks were still implemented.
Typically, the Black Codes established the basis for the frameworks of customs and laws backing
a framework of white supremacy that would be called Jim Crow to (Bennett, 2016).
Katagiri (2014) claims that majority of local and state governments enacted the ‘Jim Crow’
laws that required ‘separate but equal’ position for blacks. Jim Crow legislation was ordinances
and doctrines developed between the 1870s and 1960s to segregate black and white races in the
Southern part of the United States. Theoretically, this legislation established ‘separate but equal’
treatment. However, in practice, this legislation subjected African Americans to prejudice and
considered them second-class citizens who are inferior. Public facilities like restaurants and parks
were segregated as was education. In other words, the Jim Crow laws resulted in accommodations
and treatment that were inferior to those offered to the whites. The most significant Jim Crow laws
mandated the public facilities and schools have distinct facilities for people of color and blacks.
This legislation meant that people of color were legally mandated to attend different schools and
religious institutions, sit in the rear end of a public transport means, use restrooms marked ‘for
colored only’ and eat in a separate segment of a restaurant. In other words, the Jim Crow laws
supported discrimination against African Americans and encouraged prejudice and racism in the
southern parts of the United States (Katagiri, 2014).
Support for Jim Craw Laws
Klarman (2004) states that indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation.
However, according to him, racial segregation did not mean discrimination or prejudice. Instead,
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy. Most African-Americans
during the late 19th century were free as slavery was abolished earlier. Therefore, they were free
and allowed to work as well as own properties. Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and
economic differences and their differing perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that
they should be allowed to interact amongst themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves
held grudges against whites who had enslaved them and were their masters. As a result, the
politicians and other political and economic leaders assumed that these grudges and perceptions
held by people of color against whites could result in conflicts and unnecessary clashes. Therefore,
the enactment of the Jim Crow laws prevented such conflicts and ensured that black and white
people interact with people they could easily relate to and identify with (Klarman, 2004).
Tischauser (2012), claims that the Jim Crow laws marked the beginning of the end of racial
segregation in America. Essentially, this legislation promoted racial discrimination and prejudice
and was largely opposed by the people of color. However, because politicians and administrators
in the South ignored the outcry of the blacks, the people of color decided to take things in their
hands and started the civil rights movement and other campaigns that criticized and opposed racial
segregation in the United States. In 1955, for instance, Rosa Louise Parks declined to obey the
demand of a bus driver that she surrender her seat to a white person. She was later arrested and
imprisoned (Tischauser, 2012).
When Parks accepted to have her case challenged, it became a cause célèbre in the conquest against
Jim Crow legislation. Her hearing for this conduct of civil defiance prompted the Montgomery
Bus Boycott, one of the most effective mass campaigns against racial segregation in the history of
United States, and initiated Martin Luther King to the lead of the civil rights movement that steered
peaceful demonstrations against Jim Crow legislation (Tischauser, 2012).
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders
but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in public facilities
such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in churches and other religious
systems. For instance, African Americans were required to sit in different rows from whites.
Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white people since
they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial since it promoted
racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The impacts of these laws were heavily
felt on the Africans than any other race in the United States. Although some of the authors are in
the opinion that these laws were fair and contributed a great deal in the United States, these laws
brought about Black Codes which outraged public opinion in the North and restricted the
movement and freedom of the African Americans. These black codes were seen to have laid a
strong foundation to the system and laws and customs supporting repressive laws that limited the
rights and freedom of the African Americans.
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
References
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
Running Head: JIM CROW
1
Living Under Jim Crow
Alvin Hayes
Columbia Southern University
2
JIM CROW
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state legislation
that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United States. Passed by
white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after the end of the
Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th century when the
civil rig …
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