Expert answer:Body Paragraphs
Expert answer:Body Paragraphs: You will construct three to four paragraphs comprised of five to seven sentences each. Each
paragraph should be between 150-200 words. At a minimum, this portion of the paper should be around 450-600 words
(for three to four paragraphs); a body section of this length will meet the minimum requirements of the assignment. The
following components must be included in each body paragraph (in the following order).
Sentence 1: Point/reason sentence: This topic sentence will contain one of your reasons.
Sentence 2: Explanation: In this sentence, you provide information that further develops or explains Sentence 1.
Sentence 3: Illustration: This sentence introduces evidence that supports the reason that is presented in Sentence 1.
Sentence 4: Explanation of the illustration: Because the evidence does not necessarily stand on its own, you need to
provide explanation so that the reader will understand how you interpreted the evidence to come to your reason.
Sentences 5-6: Second illustration and explanation (optional): You may choose to include a second piece of evidence
that is then followed by an explanation.
Last Sentence: Transition: In this sentence, you will signal to the reader that you will be moving on to another point in
the next paragraph. You do this to ease the movement from one point to another.
Be sure to include the introduction and literature review you have already created and revised.
revision_of_literature_review.docx
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Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW REVISION
Literature Review Revision
Alvin Hayes
Columbia Southern University
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LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW REVISION
Introduction
The Jim Crow legislation entailed racial segregation where people of color were not
allowed to interact and associate with the white people. These laws were local and state
legislation that enforced racial segregation and prejudice in the southern parts of the United
States. Passed by white Democratic-controlled state administrations in the late 19th century after
the end of the Reconstruction era, this legislation continued to be enforced until the mid-20th
century when the civil rights movement protested against these laws. Although the Jim Crow
laws were controversial, there were those individuals and parties that supported them whereas
there were some who opposed those laws. Proponents of this legislation argued that the Jin Crow
laws supported ‘separate but equal’ economic, social, and political systems. Nonetheless,
opponents claimed that these laws backed discrimination and prejudice against AfricanAmericans and all people of color. This legislation depicted a formal codified framework of
racial apartheid that ruled the American South. The laws influenced almost every facet of daily
life, requiring segregation of libraries, parks, schools, washrooms, trains, and business among
other public places. Jim Crow was a mocking dialect term for people of color. It came to mean
any local legislation enacted in the South that created different regulations for whites and blacks.
Jim Crow laws were founded on the perspective of white supremacy and were a result of
Reconstruction. In the depression-plagued late-19th century, racism fascinated whites who
feared to lose their assets, jobs, and properties to blacks. Furthermore, political leaders abused
African-Americans to win votes of whites.
Newspapers and other print media fed the prejudice of white audience by making or
playing up black crimes. In late 1800, despite its 16 African-Americans members, the Louisiana
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LITERATURE REVIEW
General Assembly enacted legislation to prevent white and black individuals from riding together
on trains. Plessy v. Ferguson, a court case opposing the legislation, reached the US Supreme
Court in the late 1890s. Protecting the legislation, the court held that public facilities for whites
and blacks could be ‘separate but equal.’ Immediately, in the South, the blacks had to be
separated from whites. The Jin Crow laws were fair to others but unfair to some sect of the
society particularly the African Americans.
Historical Overview of Jim Crow Laws
Several authors have written a number of scholarly journals and peer-reviewed articles
regarding the Jim Crow laws. These authors have provided a background to the legislation, its
effects on affected parties-both whites and blacks, and how it prompted conflicts and clashes
between whites and blacks. Authors have based their articles on previous works of scholars and
philosophers in the 19th, 20th, and even 21st century. This section will incorporate the various
aspects and perspectives of authors regarding the Jim Crow laws and their controversies as far as
the opponents and proponents of these laws are concerned. The Jim Craw laws should never
have been enacted because they were limited the freedom of the emancipated African Americans
through restricting their movement and forcing them into labor economy that was based on low
wages and debt.
Literature Review Revision
Opposition of Jim Craw Laws
According to Bennett (2016), immediately after the end of the Civil War and
implementation of the 13th Amendment, many states of the former Confederacy enacted Black
Codes, legislation designed by former slaves. This legislation was planned to restrict the new
independence of liberated blacks by limiting their movement and by coercing them into a labor
LITERATURE REVIEW
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economy grounded on low income and debt. The Black Codes annoyed public opinion in the
North and prompted the Congress to put the former Confederate states under Army protection
during Reconstruction. Nonetheless, many laws limiting the liberation of blacks were still
implemented. Typically, the Black Codes established the basis for the frameworks of customs
and laws backing a framework of white supremacy that would be called Jim Crow to (Bennett,
2016).
Katagiri (2014) claims that majority of local and state governments enacted the ‘Jim
Crow’ laws that required ‘separate but equal’ position for blacks. Jim Crow legislation was
ordinances and doctrines developed between the 1870s and 1960s to segregate black and white
races in the Southern part of the United States. Theoretically, this legislation established
‘separate but equal’ treatment. However, in practice, this legislation subjected African
Americans to prejudice and considered them second-class citizens who are inferior. Public
facilities like restaurants and parks were segregated as was education. In other words, the Jim
Crow laws resulted in accommodations and treatment that were inferior to those offered to the
whites. The most significant Jim Crow laws mandated the public facilities and schools have
distinct facilities for people of color and blacks. This legislation meant that people of color were
legally mandated to attend different schools and religious institutions, sit in the rear end of a
public transport means, use restrooms marked ‘for colored only’ and eat in a separate segment of
a restaurant. In other words, the Jim Crow laws supported discrimination against African
Americans and encouraged prejudice and racism in the southern parts of the United States
(Katagiri, 2014).
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Support for Jim Craw Laws
Klarman (2004) states that indeed the Jim Crow laws supported racial segregation.
However, according to him, racial segregation did not mean discrimination or prejudice. Instead,
the Jim Crow legislation supported the ‘separate but equal’ policy. Most African-Americans
during the late 19th century were free as slavery was abolished earlier. Therefore, they were free
and allowed to work as well as own properties. Nonetheless, due to socio-cultural, political, and
economic differences and their differing perspectives and viewpoints, it was only reasonable that
they should be allowed to interact amongst themselves. Furthermore, most of these freed slaves
held grudges against whites who had enslaved them and were their masters. As a result, the
politicians and other political and economic leaders assumed that these grudges and perceptions
held by people of color against whites could result in conflicts and unnecessary clashes.
Therefore, the enactment of the Jim Crow laws prevented such conflicts and ensured that black
and white people interact with people they could easily relate to and identify with (Klarman,
2004).
Tischauser (2012), claims that the Jim Crow laws marked the beginning of the end of
racial segregation in America. Essentially, this legislation promoted racial discrimination and
prejudice and was largely opposed by the people of color. However, because politicians and
administrators in the South ignored the outcry of the blacks, the people of color decided to take
things in their hands and started the civil rights movement and other campaigns that criticized
and opposed racial segregation in the United States. In 1955, for instance, Rosa Louise Parks
declined to obey the demand of a bus driver that she surrender her seat to a white person. She
was later arrested and imprisoned (Tischauser, 2012).
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LITERATURE REVIEW
When Parks accepted to have her case challenged, it became a cause célèbre in the conquest
against Jim Crow legislation. Her hearing for this conduct of civil defiance prompted the
Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the most effective mass campaigns against racial segregation
in the history of United States, and initiated Martin Luther King to the lead of the civil rights
movement that steered peaceful demonstrations against Jim Crow legislation (Tischauser, 2012).
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jim Crow laws were not only supported by political and economic leaders
but also religious leaders. In addition to segregating people of color from whites in public
facilities such as trains, buses, and restrooms, segregation was also witnessed in churches and
other religious systems. For instance, African Americans were required to sit in different rows
from whites. Furthermore, religious leaders would teach their congregation that God loves white
people since they are superior to blacks. Certainly, the Jim Crow legislation was controversial
since it promoted racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. The impacts of these
laws were heavily felt on the Africans than any other race in the United States. Although some of
the authors are in the opinion that these laws were fair and contributed a great deal in the United
States, these laws brought about Black Codes which outraged public opinion in the North and
restricted the movement and freedom of the African Americans. These black codes were seen to
have laid a strong foundation to the system and laws and customs supporting repressive laws that
limited the rights and freedom of the African Americans.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
References
Bennett, J. B. (2016). Religion and the Rise of Jim Crow in New Orleans. Princeton University
Press.
Katagiri, Y. (2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and
Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press.
Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: The Supreme Court and the struggle for
racial equality. Oxford University Press.
Tischauser, L. V. (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
…
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