Expert answer:Bioethic questions about the history of ethics in
Expert answer:What is “substantial equivalence” and what does it have to do with what grows in Kansas
but not in Provence?Who was Leo Alexander, and why was he concerned about “rational utility”Who was Carrie Buck, and what does she have to do with the ethics of genetic selection?Why are there “left over” embryos in the United States, and what consequence has this had
for debates over human embryonic stem cell research?What was the “normals” program, and what, if anything, was (ethically) problematic about it? Out of the five questions, you can pick the two that you think you can answer the best.Each question must be answered with about 100-200 words each. No need for MLA or APA just simply answer two question. Please, use the link for information about the question you pick. There can be no outside resources.Here is a link to all of the material needed to answer the two questions: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/b0e22v66sati8k3/AADO_Su…
lecture_20__ethical_limits_and_the_boundaries_of_life.pptx.pdf
lecture_20__ethical_limits_and_the_boundaries_of_life.pdf
lecture_18__medicine__morality_and_mortality.pptx.pdf
lecture_18__medicine__morality_and_mortality.pdf
lecture_9__recombinant_dna.pdf
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Ethical Limits and the
Boundaries of Life
Karen Ann Quinlan (1954-‐1985)
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1981)
-‐Enacted in 45 states, with some differences
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1981)
That death is a unitary phenomenon which can be
on the tradiEonal
accurately demonstrated either
grounds of irreversible cessaBon
of heart and lung
funcBons or on the basis of i rreversible loss of all
funcBons of the enBre brain.
That any statutory “definiEon”
should be kept separate
and disEnct from provisions g overning the donaEon of
cadaver organs and from any legal rules on decisions to
terminate life-‐sustaining treatment.
Uniform DeterminaBon of Death Act
Irreversible cessation of circulatory and
respiratory functions,
-orIrreversible cessation of all brain function,
including that of the brain stem
Problem Solved?
PHOENIX — A brain-‐dead woman who was
kept alive for nearly two months so her unborn
baby would have Eme to develop before being
delivered was taken off life support Monday, a
hospital spokesman said. [She] died early
Monday, a day aXer doctors delivered her
daughter…
Universal Norms?
NaEonal organ donaEon systems are based on the
concept of death. Death is not merely an isolated natural
process. It has culture and societal aspects that are
unique to each society, which must be respected by that
society’s organ donaEon system. …It is not customary –
in terms of our culture, law and medical pracEce – to
take brain death as the definiEon of death in China.
Members of the public want organ donaEon to save lives,
but they also want to be sure that, when this involves
organ procurement aXer death, that their loved one is
definitely dead.
-‐-‐Haibo Wang, director of the China Organ Transplant
Response System Research Center of the Ministry of
Health
Dan Wikler
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1981)
DefiniBon of Death:
A bioethical success story?
What criteria?
-‐Resolved controversy (mostly)
-‐Uniformity (consensus?)
-‐standardizaEon (trust?)
-‐CollecEve responsibility (unasked quesEons?)
in vitro human embryo
“This contest of values has resulted in a
polarized debate that neglects areas of
common interest and perspecBve. We
suggest that a common ground for pursuing
research on human embryonic stem cells can
be found by reconsidering the death of the
human embryo and by applying to this
research the ethical norms of essenBal organ
donaBon.”
Precisely when the life of a human begins remains
for some a complicated quesEon, but a general
consensus has been achieved on when life ends:
life ends when the criteria for brain death are
met… the ethical framework currently used for
obtaining essenEal organs for transplantaEon
from deceased adults and children could be
extended to cover obtaining stem cells from
dead human embryos.
What’s a “dead embryo”?
-‐Not transferred?
-‐Looks “bad”?
-‐Stopped dividing?
-‐StaEsEcally likely to be dead?
-‐definiEve physiological/diagnosEc
criteria?
“We propose that an irreversible
arrest of cell division rather than the
death of each and every cell is the
appropriate measure of organismic
death for the embryo.”
PresidenEal CiEzen’s Medal,
Dr. Donald Landry with President George W. Bush
What is the DefiniBon of Death a
DefiniBon of?
-‐ a biological state?
-‐an acEonable standard?
-‐ “a common ground in which the
imperaEve to safeguard human dignity
and the drive for biomedical research
are not in conflict?”
Finding Common Ground
Rules (principles)
-‐Belmont
-‐problems: applicaEon, exclusion/
narrowness, disconnected from the world
Trust (fact-‐based experBse)
-‐Asilomar
-‐Problems: uncertainty, dissent,
concentraEon of authority, who knows best?
Standards (rule of law)
-‐Death
Problems: unasked quesEons, arEficial certainty
and false uniformity
How do we define death
the boundaries of life?
(and how do/should our definiEons
relate to exisEng percepEons, pracEces
and views?)
Ethical Limits and the
Boundaries of Life
Karen Ann Quinlan (1954-‐1985)
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1981)
-‐Enacted in 45 states, with some differences
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1981)
That death is a unitary phenomenon which can be
on the tradiEonal
accurately demonstrated either
grounds of irreversible cessaBon
of heart and lung
funcBons or on the basis of i rreversible loss of all
funcBons of the enBre brain.
That any statutory “definiEon”
should be kept separate
and disEnct from provisions g overning the donaEon of
cadaver organs and from any legal rules on decisions to
terminate life-‐sustaining treatment.
Uniform DeterminaBon of Death Act
Irreversible cessation of circulatory and
respiratory functions,
-orIrreversible cessation of all brain function,
including that of the brain stem
Problem Solved?
PHOENIX — A brain-‐dead woman who was
kept alive for nearly two months so her unborn
baby would have Eme to develop before being
delivered was taken off life support Monday, a
hospital spokesman said. [She] died early
Monday, a day aXer doctors delivered her
daughter…
Universal Norms?
NaEonal organ donaEon systems are based on the
concept of death. Death is not merely an isolated natural
process. It has culture and societal aspects that are
unique to each society, which must be respected by that
society’s organ donaEon system. …It is not customary –
in terms of our culture, law and medical pracEce – to
take brain death as the definiEon of death in China.
Members of the public want organ donaEon to save lives,
but they also want to be sure that, when this involves
organ procurement aXer death, that their loved one is
definitely dead.
-‐-‐Haibo Wang, director of the China Organ Transplant
Response System Research Center of the Ministry of
Health
Dan Wikler
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1981)
DefiniBon of Death:
A bioethical success story?
What criteria?
-‐Resolved controversy (mostly)
-‐Uniformity (consensus?)
-‐standardizaEon (trust?)
-‐CollecEve responsibility (unasked quesEons?)
in vitro human embryo
“This contest of values has resulted in a
polarized debate that neglects areas of
common interest and perspecBve. We
suggest that a common ground for pursuing
research on human embryonic stem cells can
be found by reconsidering the death of the
human embryo and by applying to this
research the ethical norms of essenBal organ
donaBon.”
Precisely when the life of a human begins remains
for some a complicated quesEon, but a general
consensus has been achieved on when life ends:
life ends when the criteria for brain death are
met… the ethical framework currently used for
obtaining essenEal organs for transplantaEon
from deceased adults and children could be
extended to cover obtaining stem cells from
dead human embryos.
What’s a “dead embryo”?
-‐Not transferred?
-‐Looks “bad”?
-‐Stopped dividing?
-‐StaEsEcally likely to be dead?
-‐definiEve physiological/diagnosEc
criteria?
“We propose that an irreversible
arrest of cell division rather than the
death of each and every cell is the
appropriate measure of organismic
death for the embryo.”
PresidenEal CiEzen’s Medal,
Dr. Donald Landry with President George W. Bush
What is the DefiniBon of Death a
DefiniBon of?
-‐ a biological state?
-‐an acEonable standard?
-‐ “a common ground in which the
imperaEve to safeguard human dignity
and the drive for biomedical research
are not in conflict?”
Finding Common Ground
Rules (principles)
-‐Belmont
-‐problems: applicaEon, exclusion/
narrowness, disconnected from the world
Trust (fact-‐based experBse)
-‐Asilomar
-‐Problems: uncertainty, dissent,
concentraEon of authority, who knows best?
Standards (rule of law)
-‐Death
Problems: unasked quesEons, arEficial certainty
and false uniformity
How do we define death
the boundaries of life?
(and how do/should our definiEons
relate to exisEng percepEons, pracEces
and views?)
Medicine, Morality and
Mortality
What is Death?
What is Death?
How do we know?
What is Death?
How do we know?
Who should we ask?
Flexibility
(death depends on circumstances, e.g.
medical, technological, philosophical/
religious views, law)
vs.
Uniformity
(everyone dies the same way)
Harvard Ad Hoc CommiAee for the
DefiniDon of Irreversible Coma
Why now? New forms of uncertainty.
“Improvements in resuscitaDve and support
techniques.”
“Obsolete criteria for the definiDon of death can
lead to controversy in obtaining organs for
transplantaDon.”
Suspended Anima
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