Expert answer:Article Critique

Expert answer:The AssignmentWrite a 2- to 3-page critique of the research article (ATTACHED) that includes responses to the following prompts:Why did the authors select repeated measures ANOVA in the research?Do you think this test was the most appropriate choice? Why or why not?Did the authors display the results in a figure or table?Does the results table stand alone? In other words, are you able to interpret the study from it? Why or why not?USE TEMPLATE TO WRITE RESPONSE (ATTACHED)USE PROPER APA FORMAT FOR REFERENCES
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Article Critique Assignment: Week #
Student Name Here
Walden University
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Article Critique Assignment: Week #
Write the APA formatted reference of this article here. Make sure it is completely APA
formatted. Please note that the information in the announcement will not be APA. You
need to learn how to put references in APA format. (Make sure you are using the
article assigned for the week!!)
Introduction
Write a one paragraph summary of the article including why the research was done,
what they found, and implications for social change (no more than 1 page).
Critique of Article/Research Study
In paragraph form, write a 2-3 page critique of the article you were assigned to read
for the assignment. In this section you should consider the items asked in the directions for the
assignment but do not copy and paste the questions into your paper and answer them one after
another. A critique is not a summary (retelling) of the article and what the authors did. A
critique is a combination of a short summary of what you are critiquing and then a critique of it
(Was what they did appropriate? Why or why not? What would you have potentially done
differently? Why? Did they follow best research practices? How do you know?).
Here are some of the things you should consider when critiquing a research article
(do not just copy and paste these questions into the critique—this is just to give you an idea
of what types of things to address—you don’t have to address everything but should have
2-3 pages of critique in this section—double spaced):
Critique of Literature Review
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Was the problem clearly articulated and was ample evidence provided to support the
problem being addressed?
Was the theoretical or conceptual framework present, was its relationship to the present
study described, and was it appropriate to the problem being addressed?
Was the literature cited appropriate to the topic?
Was the literature primarily from current sources (within 5 years of the article publication
date)?
Did the author choose citations judiciously, or were did it appear that quantity of citations
was emphasized over quality?
Does the literature review present a clear and non-biased approach to the topic?
Were the research questions and / or hypotheses clearly stated? Do they logically derive
from the literature review?
Critique of Methods/Research Design
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Were the participants adequately described in terms of population, inclusion and
exclusion criteria, and sampling strategy?
Is the sample representative of the population?
Is there support that the sample size ensures adequate statistical power?
Was there a statement indicating that IRB approval was obtained?
Were procedures for protecting participant rights included?
Were the procedures for executing the design carefully described in a way that you
or other scientists could replicate the study?
Is the role and activity of the researcher in the data collection setting/sites
described?
Were reliability and validity measures of questionnaires, scales, or other
measurement instruments presented? Do measures exhibit adequate reliability and
validity?
Were instruments used in populations for which they may not have been normed?
Was there effort made to ensure reliability and validity in the study sample?
Was the design appropriate to test the hypothesis(es) or address the research
questions?
Was random assignment used? If not, what are the potential flaws to internal and
external validity?
Critique of Results Section
• Are the important characteristics of the sample described?
• Are participation rates (and attrition rates in longitudinal studies) described? For
longitudinal studies, was differential attrition determined?
• Were key descriptive statistics provided for all variables?
• Do the results address the hypotheses under question?
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Are tables and figures used effectively? Were tables not used when they would have
been very helpful to the reader?
Are effect sizes and p-values reported for all inferential findings? Were they
appropriate?
Critique of Discussion Section
• Are the results discussed in the context of the research presented in the literature
review section?
• Are methodological limitations adequately addressed? Think in terms of sample
representativeness, generalizability of results, and potential threats to internal and
external validity.
• Are implications for further research described?
• Are implications for practitioners described?
• Is the contribution/significance to the field in relation to the continuum of inquiry clear?
You do not need to cite the article you are critiquing but you do need to cite any
materials that you use in critiquing the article from other sources. If you do cite other
resources you will need to add an APA formatted reference list on the last page of the paper.
Make sure that you are not giving non-human things human characteristics in your
paper. This means things like “this study concluded”. A study cannot conclude something but
you can say things like “these authors concluded”. In addition, when you talk about research that
has been done in the past or published materials you need to talk about them in the past tense.
Conclusion
In your conclusion write a paragraph about what your overall thoughts about the article
were and if you found the article to be useful as well as why or why not. Also include if you think
this article would be helpful to another researcher and why/why not.
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References
Include any references you used in your paper other than the article you critiqued in APA format.
JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S HEALTH
Volume 22, Number 1, 2013
ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2012.3507
Development of Burnout in Middle-Aged Working Women:
A Longitudinal Study
Annika Evolahti, PhD, Daniel Hultell, PhD, and Aila Collins, PhD
Abstract
Objective: The present study had two aims: first, to identify developmental patterns of burnout in middle-aged
women from the working population and, second, to evaluate whether work-related and individual factors are
associated with concurrent changes in burnout.
Methods: The study design was longitudinal and used a random, population-based sample of urban middleaged women. One baseline and two follow-up assessments were carried out during a 9-year period. At baseline,
142 women participated. Complete data were available for 116 women, who constituted the sample of the
present study. Burnout was assessed using the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ). In order to
identify typical developmental patterns (trajectories) hierarchical cluster analysis was used. Within-group
changes in burnout levels over time were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: When using a variable-based approach, the results showed no significant changes in burnout over time.
However, underlying these levels, six trajectories were identified. These clusters represented four different
developmental patterns: high levels followed by recovery, increasing levels, increasing and diminishing levels,
and stable levels.
Conclusions: In contrast to previous research suggesting that burnout is a stable construct over time, the present
study identified distinct subgroups of women showing different developmental patterns of burnout during a
9-year period. Furthermore, our findings showed that the development of burnout was accompanied by concurrent changes in life stress as well as work-related and individual factors.
The extensive research that has been conducted on burnout
during the past 35 years has focused mostly on either organizational or occupational factors, whereas the individuallevel predictors have been overlooked to a large extent. More
recent research indicates that personality traits may play an
important role in the development of burnout, as individuals’
dispositions affect the way they evaluate and react to their
environment.9,10 A meta-analysis showed that the Five-Factor
Model of personality, particularly neuroticism, was a predictor
of burnout.11 However, personality has not been addressed
earlier using the Swedish Scales of Personality.12 Taken together the above findings indicate the importance of including
individual factors in research on the etiology of burnout.
Individual resources have been found to play a relevant
role in decreasing vulnerability to burnout. Active coping
may protect from the negative impact of stressors. Antonovsky13–15 suggested a concept called sense of coherence
(SOC), which focuses on factors that can serve to protect an
individual’s health. SOC is an orientation toward life that
defines the extent to which an individual perceives the
Introduction
W
ork-related stress adversely affects individuals
and is costly to western societies.1 In Sweden, women
account for the majority of long-term sick leave. It is noteworthy that nearly one third of those who were sick listed in
2000–2002 were women aged 50–59. The most common reasons for long-term sick leave for women are psychiatric conditions, such as depression and stress-related diagnoses.2
Prolonged exposure to high levels of stress may contribute
to burnout.3,4 Burnout is generally conceptualized as a negative affective state characterized by emotional exhaustion,
physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness.5 A review presents
evidence for an association between burnout and detrimental
effects on physical health, such as an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,
systemic inflammation, impaired immunity functions, and
poor health behaviors.6 In addition, sleep disturbances, depression, and anxiety have been linked to burnout.7,8
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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DEVELOPMENT OF BURNOUT
environment as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. The concept implies that an individual with a strong SOC
maintains his or her health through effective and flexible
coping with stressors. SOC has also been negatively related to
various types of ill health and disease16–18 and positively related to subjective health.19,20 A longitudinal study21 reported
that SOC was the most important personal resource differentiating between employees who suffered from burnout and
those who did not.
Burnout has been considered a predominantly work-related phenomenon, and, thus, high work demands, job strain,
lack of control, and social support at work have been identified as psychosocial factors that contribute to stress and subsequently to burnout.7,22–24 Little research has been focused
on the prevalence of work-related stress and burnout in the
general working population, however, particularly among
middle-aged women,25 as burnout has been studied most
frequently in particular occupational groups, such as teachers
and healthcare providers. Therefore, the present study is important by addressing this question and by investigating a
random population-based sample of middle-aged women
employed in various occupations, using a longitudinal approach.
In earlier studies, burnout was found to have moderate to
high correlations over time; thus, burnout seems to exhibit
remarkable stability because of its chronic nature.26,27 Indeed,
it is surprising that the stability of burnout is close in magnitude to stable individual traits, such as neuroticism and
extraversion.27 Mean-level stability and stability correlations
measured at group level may actually conceal different developmental pathways of burnout occurring over time. Thus,
by using a person-based approach, it is possible to investigate
whether different subgroups underlying these stability levels
can be detected.
The aim of the present study was 2-fold. The first aim was
to identify developmental patterns of burnout in middle-aged
women. For this purpose, a person-oriented approach was
adopted. The second aim was to determine if work-related
and individual factors are associated with concurrent changes
in burnout.
Materials and Methods
Study design and sample
This study is based on a larger longitudinal study of health
profile, lifestyle, psychosocial work environment, and individual differences of middle-aged women. The study included a baseline assessment, conducted in 2000–2001, and
two follow-up assessments, conducted in 2002–2003 and
2007–2009. The same sample, including baseline and the first
follow-up assessments, was used in two previous studies.28,29
A two-phase sampling procedure was used. In the first phase,
a random sample of 2000 women aged 49–53 residing in
Stockholm and its suburbs was drawn from the Swedish Population Register by consulting a demographic expert. For the
sample to represent the socioeconomic status (SES) of urban
middle-aged women, a random sample was drawn based on
yearly income level (low 20%, medium 60%, and high 20%,
respectively, from each group). Women with chronic or acute
conditions, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and
diabetes, were excluded from the study. The cohort received a
mailed questionnaire on their socioeconomic background,
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health, and lifestyle. In the second phase, a random representative sample of 200 women was drawn from the pool of
940 women who had completed the questionnaire. The final
percentages in the income groups were as follows: low 6.7%,
medium 61%, and high 32%. The group of 200 women gave
their consent to participate in the study; 142 women participated in the baseline assessment, 136 in the first follow-up,
and 118 women in the second follow-up. Two of the women
were deceased between the first and the second follow-up
assessments. The procedure used throughout the study included a semistructured psychologic interview, completion of
questionnaires, and anthropometric measures. The study was
approved by the regional ethical review board in Stockholm.
Measures
Burnout was assessed using the Shirom-Melamed Burnout
Questionnaire (SMBQ)30,31 containing 19 items rated 1 (never)
to 7 (always). The SMBQ focuses on an overall mental and
physical exhaustion in life by measuring different aspects of
burnout: burnout, tension, listlessness, and cognitive difficulties. An overall burnout index (mean) was calculated for
each participant. The burnout index was dichotomized into
low (1.0–3.9) and high (4.0–7.0) burnout based on cutoff values determined in clinical practice and previous studies.7,23,32
Work demands, control, and social support at work were
measured according to the demand-control model of Karasek
and Theorell.33 Indices (calculated as means) were constructed using items from the Job Content Questionnaire34,35
and from the Total Workload Questionnaire.35 The index for
work demands consisted of four items (e.g. Do you have enough time to do your work tasks?). The index for work control
consisted of seven items (e.g., To what extent can you influence the content of your work?). The index for social support
consisted of six items that were included in the questionnaire
on the second follow-up (e.g., To what extent do you receive
support from your supervisor?). The items were scored on a
7-point frequency scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (to a
high degree). Job strain was calculated by dividing the score
for work demands by the score for work control.
(SOC) was measured using the 13-item scale rated 1 (never)
to 7 (always) by Antonovsky.36 An overall SOC score was
calculated as a mean of all items, with high scores indicating a
strong SOC. Personality was assessed with the Swedish Scales
of Personality12 at baseline.37 It consists of 13 subscales, of
which 2 were chosen to be used in this study: psychic trait
anxiety (PTA) and stress susceptibility (SS), as these subscales
were significantly associated with burnout in preliminary
analyses using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (PTA, F = 62.6,
p < 0.001; SS, F = 36.2, p < 0.001). Life stress is a variable that combines both domestic stress and work stress. It was assessed using two questions from the questionnaire: Are you affected by contradictory demands either in your domestic life or at work? Do you experience stress in your current life? The answers were coded as yes = 1 and no = 0, and yes answers were followed up by a question that was rated from 1 (very little) to 7 (very much). The subject was assigned the value 1 if either of the questions was rated as ‡ 5, as these values indicate high stress levels. Sleep problems were measured using three items from the Menopause Symptom Inventory38: I have difficulties falling asleep. I wake up too early. I wake up at night sweating. The 96 EVOLAHTI ET AL. Table 1. Means, Standard Deviations, and Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficients of Studied Variables Mean (SD) Variable Burnout Job strain Social support Sleep problems Depression Life stress Sense of coherence Psychic trait anxiety Stress susceptibility T1 T2 3.0 (1.1) 1.6 (0.65) 3.0 (1.1) 0.8 (0.41) 2.6 (1.35) 12.5 (0.87) 5.55 (0.86) 2.9 13.7 5.71 5.3 (1.49) (10.3) (0.82) (0.77) Cronbach’s a T3 2.8 0.93 5.3 3.0 12.4 5.69 5.4 50.4 (9.9) 50.0 (9.7) (1.1) (0.45) (1.26) (1.51) (10.2) (0.84) (0.78) T1 T2 T3 0.78 0.75 0.77 0.64 0.77 0.63 0.69 0.92 0.52 0.81 0.91 0.69 0.92 0.66 0.82 0.82 0.75 SD, standard deviation; T1, time 1; T2, time 2; T3, time 3. items were scored on a 7-point frequency scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 7 (always). An overall sleep difficulties index (mean) was calculated for each of the participants. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D).39 The scale consists of 20 items scored on a 4-point frequency scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (always). An overall depression score was calculated as a sum for each of the participants. Descriptive statistics and reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha) for these variables are presented in Table 1. Data analysis As the aim of the study was to identify and classify women with similar burnout trajectories, a cluster analysis was performed using SLEIPNER 2.1.40 Initially, the RESIDUE module of SLEIPNER was used to scan the dataset for potential outliers that might distort the clustering process. Four women were identified as outliers and were removed from the dataset. The cluster analysis was performed using a sample including 116 women. Ward’s hierarchical method was used when performing the cluster analysis. This method was chosen because it has been shown to recover true clusterbelonging and to consistently replicate clustering.41 Based on the recommendations of Bergman et al.,42 three criteria were used to assess satisfactory fit of the cluster solution. First, the explained error sums of square (EESS) of the cluster solution should not be < 0.67. Second, the homogeneity coefficient for respective cluster should be < 1.0. Third, the merging of two clusters should be reasonable and make theoretical sense. Because the clustering method used was hierarchical, some individuals ended up in clusters where they did not optimally belong. This would have a negative effect on the overall fit of the cluster solution, impairing both the EESS and the homogeneity coefficients of the clusters. The RELOCATE module of SLEIPNER, therefore, was used to reposition women so they ended up in a cluster where they were fitted better. Finally, the centroids of the cluster solution were used to perform a K-means cluster analysis on the original sample (including the 4 women identified as outliers). SPSS 18.0.3 was used to perform the K-means cluster analysis. Mean values and standard deviations (SD) of burnout over time were computed for each cluster. The rank-order stability of burnout levels over time was calculated as Pearson testretest correlations. A univariate repeated-measures ANOVA
(rANOVA) was conducted to assess …
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